The nurse is teaching a COPD patient how to perform pursed lip breathing. Which statement below is correct about pursed lip breathing?

Pursed lip breathing prevents atelectasis.

Pucker the lips like you are whistling.

Breathe slowly through the mouth for 4 counts.

Breathe out fast through the mouth for 2 counts.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

Choice A reason: Pursed lip breathing (PLB) prolongs exhalation to reduce air trapping in COPD but does not directly prevent atelectasis, which is alveolar collapse from shallow breathing or obstruction. PLB maintains positive airway pressure, improving gas exchange, but atelectasis prevention requires deep breathing exercises, making this statement incorrect for PLB’s primary function.

Choice B reason: Pucker the lips like whistling is the correct technique for pursed lip breathing, creating a small opening to slow exhalation. This increases airway pressure, preventing alveolar collapse in COPD and improving oxygen saturation. By prolonging exhalation, PLB reduces hyperinflation, enhancing respiratory efficiency, making this the accurate description of the technique.

Choice C reason: Breathing slowly through the mouth for 4 counts describes inhalation timing, not specific to pursed lip breathing’s exhalation focus. PLB involves nasal inhalation and slow exhalation through pursed lips to reduce air trapping in COPD. Incorrect inhalation instructions can disrupt the technique’s effectiveness in maintaining airway pressure and improving gas exchange.

Choice D reason: Breathing out fast through the mouth for 2 counts contradicts pursed lip breathing’s purpose of slow, controlled exhalation. Rapid exhalation in COPD exacerbates air trapping, worsening hyperinflation. PLB prolongs exhalation through pursed lips to maintain airway pressure, improving oxygenation and reducing respiratory distress, making this statement incorrect.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Choice A reason: Onion powder is a spice, not a fat, and contains negligible lipids or calories. It does not influence cholesterol metabolism, blood pressure, or insulin sensitivity, which are critical in managing hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and Type I diabetes. These conditions increase atherosclerosis risk via elevated LDL cholesterol, but onion powder has no role in lipid metabolism or cardiovascular health, making it irrelevant.

Choice B reason: Saturated fats, found in animal products and some plant oils, increase LDL cholesterol by enhancing hepatic production of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). In patients with hypertension and Type I diabetes, this exacerbates atherosclerosis, raising cardiovascular risk. Limiting saturated fats reduces LDL levels, improves endothelial function, and supports glycemic control, aligning with dietary guidelines for these chronic conditions.

Choice C reason: Pepper is a spice with no significant fat content or impact on lipid metabolism. It does not contribute to cholesterol levels, blood pressure, or insulin resistance, which are concerns in hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and Type I diabetes. These conditions require limiting fats that elevate LDL, but pepper has no effect on lipid profiles or cardiovascular risk factors.

Choice D reason: Polyunsaturated fats, like omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, lower LDL cholesterol and reduce inflammation, benefiting cardiovascular health. In patients with hypertension and diabetes, these fats improve lipid profiles and endothelial function, reducing atherosclerosis risk. The dietician would encourage, not limit, polyunsaturated fats to support heart health and insulin sensitivity in managing these conditions.

A. Fraud B. False imprisonment C. Battery D. Assault

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A reason: Falsifying vital signs by documenting earlier readings without reassessment constitutes fraud, a deliberate misrepresentation that could harm the patient. Accurate vital signs monitor physiological status, like heart rate or blood pressure, ensuring stability for discharge. Fraudulent documentation risks missing critical changes, such as tachycardia or hypotension, potentially leading to unsafe discharge and legal liability.

Choice B reason: False imprisonment involves unlawfully restricting a patient’s movement, unrelated to falsifying vital signs. Documentation errors do not restrict mobility but compromise care quality. Vital signs reflect cardiovascular and respiratory function, and falsifying them risks patient safety, not freedom, making false imprisonment an incorrect tort for this scenario of fraudulent charting.

Choice C reason: Battery involves unauthorized physical contact, like unconsented procedures, not documentation errors. Falsifying vital signs is a non-physical act of misrepresentation, not touching. Accurate vital signs ensure physiological stability for discharge, and falsification risks harm through neglect, aligning with fraud, not battery, as the nurse’s action involves deceit, not contact.

Choice D reason: Assault involves threatening harm, not falsifying records. Documenting earlier vital signs without reassessment is fraudulent, risking patient safety by missing physiological changes, like arrhythmias. This misrepresentation does not involve threats or intimidation, making assault irrelevant. Fraud is the appropriate tort, as it addresses intentional deception in clinical documentation.

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The nurse is teaching a COPD patient how to perform pursed lip breathing. Which statement below is correct about pursed lip breathing?

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