The nurse is teaching a group of staff nurses about brain (B-type) natriuretic peptide (BNP). Which statement by the group would indicate that they understand the instruction?

"It is an amino acid which reflects damage to the endothelial lining of arteries.

"It is a substance composed of free fatty acids reflective of atherosclerosis

"It is a reliable indicator of the presence of heart failure."

“It is a protein produced by the liver in response to systemic inflammation."

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A. "It is an amino acid which reflects damage to the endothelial lining of arteries." BNP is not related to endothelial damage.

B. "It is a substance composed of free fatty acids reflective of atherosclerosis." BNP is not composed of free fatty acids, and it does not reflect atherosclerosis.

C. "It is a reliable indicator of the presence of heart failure." BNP is a hormone released by the heart in response to increased pressure and volume. Elevated levels of BNP are commonly used as a diagnostic marker for heart failure, especially during exacerbations or decompensation.

D. "It is a protein produced by the liver in response to systemic inflammation." BNP is produced by the heart, not the liver.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Restlessness: This may occur in the pre-active phase of dying but is not specific to the actively dying phase.

B. Decreased appetite: A reduced appetite is common earlier in the dying process, not specific to the actively dying phase.

C. Skin pallor: Skin changes, such as pallor, occur earlier; mottling is more indicative of the actively dying phase.

D. Anuria: Anuria (absence of urine output) is a hallmark sign of multisystem failure and the actively dying phase.

A. Decerebrate posturing B. Decorticate posturing C. Flexion withdrawal D. Localization of pain

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Decerebrate posturing: This involves extension and outward rotation of the arms, which is not observed here.

B. Decorticate posturing: Internal rotation, adduction, and flexion of the arms are characteristic of decorticate posturing, indicating damage to the corticospinal tract.

C. Flexion withdrawal: This refers to pulling away from a painful stimulus and does not involve the described pattern of movement.

D. Localization of pain: This is an intentional movement toward the source of pain, which is not demonstrated in this scenario.

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The nurse is teaching a group of staff nurses about brain (B-type) natriuretic peptide (BNP). Which statement by the group would indicate that they understand the instruction?

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