The nurse knows that in older clients. T cell and B cell activity decline. The nurse knows that this increases the older person's risk of which of the following:

A. Digestive system through contaminated feces:

This is the port of exit for diseases spread by the fecal-oral route (e.g., cholera, hepatitis A).

B. Respiratory system by coughing or sneezing:

Droplet infections (e.g., flu, COVID-19, common cold) are primarily spread through respiratory secretions expelled via coughing or sneezing.

C. Central nervous system by contaminated cerebral spinal fluid:

While CSF can carry infections (e.g., meningitis), it is not a common port of exit.

D. Urinary system by contaminated urine:

Urinary tract infections may be transmitted this way, but not typically through droplets.

A. Red, like blood:

Lymph is typically clear to pale yellow; it lacks red blood cells, which give blood its red color.

B. Formed when fluid is filtered across the subclavian veins into the tissue spaces:

Lymph forms from interstitial (tissue) fluid, not from fluid filtered from veins into tissues.

C. Formed from tissue fluid:

Lymph originates as interstitial fluid that enters lymphatic vessels and is transported back into the circulatory system.

D. Pumped by the left heart into systemic circulation:

Lymph is not pumped by the heart; it moves through the lymphatic system via muscle contractions and valves.