The PMHNP works on an inpatient unit for adult men and women in acute suicidal crisis. Which of the following statements is accurate about gender differences in suicide risk and suicide rates in major depressive disorder (MDD)?
The risk of suicide attempts and completions is equal in men and women.
The risk of suicide attempts is higher in women, but risk of suicide completions is higher in men.
The risk of suicide attempts and completions is higher in women.
The risk of suicide attempts and completions is higher in men.
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A reason: Risk is not equal; epidemiological data consistently show differences between genders.
Choice B reason: Women more frequently attempt suicide, but men are more likely to die by suicide due to the use of more lethal methods, reflecting differences in completion rates.
Choice C reason: While women attempt suicide more often, they do not have higher completion rates than men.
Choice D reason: Men have higher completion rates, but attempt rates are lower than women, making this statement incomplete.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex. It does not produce dopamine.
Choice B reason: The amygdala is primarily involved in emotional processing, particularly fear and threat detection, but it is not a major site of dopamine production.
Choice C reason: The substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area are key dopaminergic nuclei in the brain. Dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra are involved in motor control pathways, while the ventral tegmental area is critical for reward, motivation, and reinforcement learning.
Choice D reason: The hippocampus is essential for memory formation and spatial navigation. Although dopamine modulates hippocampal activity, it is not produced there.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: RCTs are considered the gold standard for evaluating intervention efficacy because they minimize bias through randomization and control groups, providing high-quality evidence of causality.
Choice B reason: Case studies provide descriptive information about individual patients but lack control groups, making it impossible to determine causality.
Choice C reason: Expert opinion is based on clinical experience and lacks empirical testing, making it a weaker form of evidence for intervention effectiveness.
Choice D reason: Clinical guidelines synthesize evidence but rely on the strength of underlying studies; they do not directly provide experimental evidence themselves.
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