To properly identify a cardiac rhythm, the nurse will obtain the following factors. (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

if there is a QRS complex after each p wave

the rate using only a 3- second strip

the duration of the u waves

if the p waves are present

If the P-P and R-R distances are equal

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,D,E

A) If there is a QRS complex after each P wave:
This is an important consideration when identifying a cardiac rhythm. The P wave represents atrial depolarization, and the QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization. In a normal sinus rhythm, every P wave is followed by a QRS complex, which confirms that the impulse originating in the SA node is being conducted properly through the atrioventricular (AV) node and into the ventricles. The presence of a QRS after every P wave helps confirm normal conduction and rhythm.

B) The rate using only a 3-second strip:
While the heart rate is an essential part of the rhythm assessment, using only a 3-second strip is not the most accurate method for determining the rate. Typically, a 6-second strip is used to estimate the rate, multiplying the number of R-R intervals by 10 to obtain the heart rate. A 3-second strip can be used for quick estimates but may lead to inaccurate calculations of the heart rate.

C) The duration of the U waves:
The U wave is often a normal variant seen in the ECG and is not always present. If it is visible, its duration is typically not a primary focus in rhythm interpretation unless there are concerns about electrolyte imbalances, such as hypokalemia. The U wave is not a core factor to consider when identifying the overall rhythm.

D) If the P waves are present:
The presence of P waves is important for identifying the rhythm, particularly when differentiating between sinus rhythms (normal) and non-sinus rhythms (such as atrial arrhythmias). In normal sinus rhythm, P waves should be present, reflecting atrial depolarization initiated by the SA node. The absence of P waves can indicate atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, or other arrhythmias.

E) If the P-P and R-R distances are equal:
This is crucial in identifying a regular rhythm. The P-P interval refers to the distance between successive P waves (atrial depolarization), and the R-R interval refers to the distance between successive R waves (ventricular depolarization). In normal sinus rhythm or regular rhythms, both the P-P and R-R intervals should be equal, indicating that the atrial and ventricular rhythms are consistent. If they are unequal, it suggests an irregular rhythm (e.g., atrial fibrillation).

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Correct Answer is ["D","E"]

Explanation

A) Pneumonia: Pneumonia is a direct cause of ARDS, as it involves direct inflammation and infection of the lung tissue, leading to impaired oxygen exchange and damage to the alveolar-capillary membrane. It results in fluid accumulation in the lungs, which is a key characteristic of ARDS.

B) Drowning: Drowning is another direct cause of ARDS. It involves the aspiration of water into the lungs, which directly damages lung tissue, causing pulmonary edema and impaired oxygenation.

C) Aspiration: Aspiration of food, liquid, or vomit into the lungs is also a direct cause of ARDS. The aspirated material can lead to chemical pneumonia, bacterial infection, and inflammation of the lungs, which in turn causes ARDS.

D) Sepsis: Sepsis is an indirect cause of ARDS. It can lead to widespread inflammation throughout the body, including the lungs, through the release of inflammatory mediators (cytokines, interleukins, etc.). These systemic inflammatory responses can increase capillary permeability in the lungs, causing fluid to leak into the alveoli, which leads to ARDS.

E) Blood Transfusion: Blood transfusion, particularly when associated with transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), is an indirect cause of ARDS. TRALI is a serious complication that can result from receiving blood products, where the transfused blood causes an immune response leading to pulmonary damage. It indirectly triggers inflammation and fluid buildup in the lungs, contributing to ARDS.

A. begins training to prepare to run a marathon next year B. refuses to attend church and states that ‘’his faith has failed him’’ C. promises God to give up smoking if allowed to live until their children are married D. gathers the family together in order to discuss what their last wishes are

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A) Begins training to prepare to run a marathon next year:
This response is not characteristic of the stage of anger. Instead, this behavior suggests denial or possibly bargaining, as the client may be attempting to maintain a sense of normalcy or even hope in the face of a terminal illness like Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS).

B) Refuses to attend church and states that "his faith has failed him":
This statement reflects the anger stage of Kubler-Ross’s five stages of grief. During the anger stage, individuals often experience intense feelings of frustration, helplessness, and resentment about their situation. They may direct these emotions towards others, including higher powers or themselves. In this case, the client is expressing anger by blaming his circumstances and feeling abandoned by his faith, a common reaction when facing an irreversible condition like ALS.

C) Promises God to give up smoking if allowed to live until their children are married:
This behavior represents the bargaining stage of grief, not anger. In the bargaining phase, individuals may attempt to negotiate with a higher power or themselves, making promises or deals in exchange for a prolongation of life or a desired outcome. The client is trying to strike a "deal" by making promises for future behavior in exchange for a specific wish, reflecting bargaining rather than anger.

D) Gathers the family together in order to discuss what their last wishes are:
This scenario aligns more with the acceptance stage of grief. In the acceptance stage, individuals come to terms with their diagnosis and begin to make plans for the end of their life. The act of discussing last wishes indicates that the client is accepting the reality of their condition and preparing for what is to come.

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To properly identify a cardiac rhythm, the nurse will obtain the following factors. (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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Correct Answer is ["D","E"]

Explanation

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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