Urinary tract infections associated with indwelling catheters are a major component of hospital-associated infections. What must nurses do to help decrease the incidence of these infections in their clients? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

Choice A rationale

Excess fluid volume: intravascular is less relevant as it is more associated with conditions such as heart failure rather than bowel obstruction. Fluid shifts in bowel obstruction usually lead to third-spacing rather than intravascular volume excess.

Choice B rationale

Risk for ineffective tissue perfusion: gastrointestinal is correct as bowel obstruction can compromise blood flow to the intestines, leading to ischemia and necrosis. This is a critical concern that needs to be monitored and managed promptly.

Choice C rationale

Risk for infection is a valid concern but not the primary issue compared to tissue perfusion risks. Infection risk typically becomes more prominent if there are signs of bowel perforation or necrosis.

Choice D rationale

Acute pain assessment is important but is an aspect of managing the current problem rather than listing the primary problem itself. Pain management should follow once the main problem has been identified.

Choice A rationale

Maintaining a clean technique during catheter insertion reduces the risk of introducing pathogens into the urinary tract. This helps prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs) by minimizing contamination.

Choice B rationale

Advocating for the removal of indwelling catheters as soon as possible is crucial because prolonged catheterization increases the risk of UTIs. Removing the catheter when it is no longer needed reduces exposure to potential infections.

Choice C rationale

Using interventions that help clients avoid initial catheterization decreases the likelihood of introducing pathogens into the urinary tract. Alternatives to catheterization, such as bladder training and intermittent catheterization, can reduce infection risk.

Choice D rationale

Ensuring fluid intake within client limitations helps maintain hydration and urine flow. Adequate fluid intake helps flush out bacteria from the urinary tract, reducing the risk of UTIs.