What are the hallmark symptoms of scoliosis? (Select all that apply)
Specifically the unevenness in the shoulders, hips, ribs
Asymmetry of the spine
The curvature of the spine itself
Insomnia
Decreased appetite
Correct Answer : A,B,C
Choice A reason: Unevenness in shoulders, hips, and ribs is a hallmark of scoliosis, resulting from lateral spinal curvature altering body alignment. This asymmetry, visible on physical exam, stems from vertebral rotation and is a key diagnostic feature, reflecting structural changes in the spine.
Choice B reason: Asymmetry of the spine, seen as lateral deviation on imaging, is a defining feature of scoliosis. Vertebral misalignment causes visible deformities, like rib humps, due to rotational forces, making this a primary symptom used in diagnosis and severity assessment.
Choice C reason: Curvature of the spine itself is the core characteristic of scoliosis, measured by Cobb’s angle on X-rays. This lateral deviation, often idiopathic, distinguishes scoliosis from normal spinal alignment, making it a fundamental symptom for diagnosis and treatment planning.
Choice D reason: Insomnia is not a hallmark of scoliosis. While severe scoliosis may cause discomfort affecting sleep, it is not a primary symptom. Scoliosis primarily involves structural spinal changes, not neurological or psychological effects like insomnia, making this choice incorrect.
Choice E reason: Decreased appetite is not associated with scoliosis. Scoliosis affects spinal alignment, not metabolic or gastrointestinal functions. Appetite changes may occur in other conditions but are not a hallmark of scoliosis’s musculoskeletal presentation, making this choice irrelevant.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Type 2 diabetes patients typically have sufficient endogenous insulin to prevent ketoacidosis, which is more common in type 1 diabetes due to absolute insulin deficiency. Pneumonia may increase insulin needs, but ketoacidosis is rare, making insulin therapy non-essential for this purpose.
Choice B reason: In type 2 diabetes, patients often produce enough insulin to prevent ketoacidosis but face insulin resistance, increasing risk for hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS) during stressors like pneumonia. HHS results from severe hyperglycemia and dehydration, common in type 2 diabetes under stress, making this statement correct.
Choice C reason: Minimal or absent insulin secretion is characteristic of type 1 diabetes, not type 2, where insulin resistance predominates with variable insulin production. Type 2 patients may not require daily insulin, especially early in the disease, making this statement incorrect.
Choice D reason: Islet cell antibodies are associated with type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune condition destroying pancreatic beta cells. Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, not antibody-mediated destruction, making this statement incorrect for a type 2 diabetes patient.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Hypersomnia is not associated with cocaine intoxication, which causes stimulant effects like hyperarousal and insomnia. Cocaine increases dopamine and norepinephrine, leading to heightened alertness, not excessive sleepiness, making this choice incorrect for the expected findings.
Choice B reason: Cocaine, a sympathomimetic, causes dilated pupils (mydriasis) by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system, increasing norepinephrine release. This activates the dilator pupillae muscle, a hallmark of cocaine intoxication, making this the correct expected finding in the emergency department.
Choice C reason: Nystagmus, involuntary eye movements, is more associated with alcohol or sedative intoxication. Cocaine typically causes pupil dilation and agitation, not nystagmus, making this choice incorrect for the specific neurological effects of cocaine intoxication.
Choice D reason: Depression is a withdrawal symptom of cocaine, not an acute intoxication effect. During intoxication, cocaine causes euphoria and hyperactivity due to dopamine surge, not depressive symptoms, making this choice incorrect for the acute presentation.
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