What are the hallmark symptoms of scoliosis? (Select all that apply)

Choice A reason: Obstructive shock results from physical blockages, like pulmonary embolism, impeding blood flow. The client’s blood loss and decreasing blood pressure point to volume depletion, not obstruction, making this choice incorrect for the scenario of significant surgical blood loss.

Choice B reason: Septic shock is caused by systemic infection leading to vasodilation and hypotension. The client’s blood loss, not infection, is the cause of decreasing blood pressure, making septic shock irrelevant to this postoperative scenario, so this choice is incorrect.

Choice C reason: Hypovolemic shock occurs from significant blood or fluid loss, reducing circulating volume and causing hypotension. An 800 mL blood loss during surgery directly leads to this condition, as the heart struggles to maintain perfusion, making this the correct choice.

Choice D reason: Neurogenic shock results from spinal cord injury causing vasodilation due to loss of sympathetic tone. The client’s blood loss, not neurological injury, is the cause of hypotension, making this choice incorrect for the described postoperative condition.

Choice A reason: Thyroid cancer is more common in females, with a 3:1 female-to-male ratio, due to hormonal factors like estrogen influencing thyroid cell growth. Males are not at greater risk, as incidence rates are consistently higher in women across age groups, making this choice incorrect.

Choice B reason: Breast cancer predominantly affects females, with males accounting for less than 1% of cases. Male breast cancer is rare, linked to genetic mutations or hormonal imbalances, but females face a significantly higher risk, making this choice incorrect for males.

Choice C reason: Lung cancer risk is higher in males, largely due to historically higher smoking rates and occupational exposures like asbestos. American Cancer Society data show males have a higher incidence, with smoking-related carcinogens causing DNA damage in lung cells, making this choice correct.

Choice D reason: Melanoma incidence is slightly higher in females under 50 due to sun exposure patterns, but males have a higher risk after 50. However, overall gender differences are less pronounced than in lung or colorectal cancer, making this choice less definitive.

Choice E reason: Colorectal cancer has a higher incidence in males, with American Cancer Society data indicating a 1.5 times greater risk due to factors like higher rates of smoking, alcohol use, and dietary patterns. These contribute to genetic mutations in colorectal tissue, making this choice correct.