What are two common causes of a pleural effusion?
Choose 2 answers.
Heart failure
Severe pulmonary infection
Pulmonary hypertension
Collagen vascular disease COPD
Emphysema
Correct Answer : A,D
A. Heart failure is a common cause of pleural effusion because the heart's inability to pump effectively leads to fluid accumulation in the lungs and pleural space.
B. Severe pulmonary infection, such as pneumonia, can cause inflammation and fluid accumulation in the pleural space, leading to pleural effusion.
C. Pulmonary hypertension: While pulmonary hypertension can cause fluid overload and respiratory issues, it is not a direct cause of pleural effusion.
D. Collagen vascular disease COPD like lupus can cause pleural effusion, but COPD is typically associated with other lung issues like emphysema or chronic bronchitis, not directly with pleural effusion.
E. Emphysema is a chronic lung condition that involves the destruction of alveoli but is not directly related to the development of pleural effusion.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Rheumatoid arthritis also involves morning stiffness and symmetrical joint pain, but it typically affects smaller joints first (e.g., hands, wrists), and does not usually cause Heberden's and Bouchard's nodes, which are more characteristic of osteoarthritis.
B. Osteomalacia involves bone softening due to vitamin D deficiency and does not present with joint nodes or the type of stiffness described.
C. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by morning stiffness, limited range of motion, and joint pain that worsens with activity. Heberden's and Bouchard's nodes are specific to osteoarthritis, typically appearing on the fingers.
D. Rickets is a pediatric disorder caused by vitamin D deficiency, leading to bone deformities, but it does not cause the joint issues or nodes described.
Correct Answer is ["B","F"]
Explanation
A. Peptostreptococcus is not a common cause of otitis media; it is more often associated with other infections such as abscesses.
B. Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the most common causes of otitis media in children.
C. Chlamydia trachomatis is associated with other types of infections, such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or neonatal conjunctivitis, but not typically otitis media.
D. Treponema pallidum is the bacterium responsible for syphilis and is not a cause of otitis media.
E. Escherichia coli: While Escherichia coli can cause infections, it is not a common pathogen in otitis media in children.
F. Haemophilus influenzae is another common bacterium responsible for otitis media in children, particularly the nontypeable strains.
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