What complication occurs due to chronic stress without relief or relaxation?
Hypoglycemia
Low blood pressure
Heart disease
Weight loss
The Correct Answer is C
Rationale:
A. Chronic stress triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, resulting in increased secretion of cortisol, a glucocorticoid hormone that raises blood glucose by stimulating gluconeogenesis and reducing peripheral glucose uptake. Stress also activates the sympathetic nervous system, releasing catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine, which further elevate blood glucose. Therefore, hypoglycemia is not a typical complication of chronic stress.
B. The sympathetic nervous system response to chronic stress leads to vasoconstriction, increased heart rate, and elevated cardiac output, all of which tend to raise blood pressure. Persistent stress often contributes to hypertension, rather than hypotension.
C. Unrelieved chronic stress has a profound impact on the cardiovascular system. Prolonged activation of the HPA axis and sympathetic nervous system causes sustained high levels of cortisol and catecholamines, leading to hypertension, which strains the heart and blood vessels; increased heart rate, raising myocardial oxygen demand; endothelial damage and inflammation, contributing to plaque formation; and atherosclerosis due to lipid metabolism changes and chronic inflammation. These pathophysiological changes increase the risk of heart disease, including myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. Chronic stress also affects lifestyle behaviors, such as poor diet, smoking, and physical inactivity, which further exacerbate cardiovascular risk.
D. Chronic stress can lead to weight loss or weight gain, depending on individual metabolic and behavioral responses. Stress-related weight loss is often due to reduced appetite or increased metabolic demand, but it is variable and not the primary health complication associated with unrelieved chronic stress.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Rationale:
A. Autosomal dominant disorders do not typically skip generations. If a parent carries the dominant allele, there is a 50% chance of passing it to each child, so the trait usually appears in every generation. Skipping generations is more characteristic of autosomal recessive disorders, where individuals can be carriers without showing symptoms.
B. Autosomal dominant disorders affect both males and females equally, because the gene is located on an autosome (non-sex chromosome). There is no sex-specific pattern of inheritance.
C. Autosomal dominant disorders can manifest at any age, depending on the specific condition. Some, like Huntington disease, appear in adulthood, while others, such as Marfan syndrome, may be evident at birth or in early childhood.
D. In autosomal dominant disorders, an individual with one copy of the mutated gene will express the disorder, meaning there are no asymptomatic carriers. Each affected person shows signs of the disease, even if symptoms are mild. Carriers, by definition, are asymptomatic individuals with a recessive allele, which does not apply in dominant disorders.Top of FormBottom of Form
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Rationale:
A. Apples are generally considered low-allergen foods. While some individuals may have oral allergy syndrome related to pollen-food cross-reactivity, apples are not among the most common food allergens.
B. Shrimp is a shellfish, which is one of the major common food allergens. Shellfish allergy can trigger severe allergic reactions, including urticaria, angioedema, gastrointestinal symptoms, or anaphylaxis. Shellfish allergies are lifelong in most cases and are more common in adults than children.
C. Chicken is rarely a cause of food allergy. Most individuals can tolerate cooked chicken without immune reactions. It is not listed among common allergens.
D. Rice is generally considered hypoallergenic and is rarely associated with allergic reactions. It is often recommended as a safe food for infants or people with food sensitivities.
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