What does cardiac output measure?
Blood pumped into a ventricle in one minute
Blood pumped into the atria in one minute
Blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute
Blood pumped out of an atrium in one minute
The Correct Answer is C
A. Blood pumped into a ventricle in one minute: This describes venous return but not cardiac output.
B. Blood pumped into the atria in one minute: Cardiac output measures blood leaving the heart, not entering the atria.
C. Blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute: Cardiac output is the amount of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute. It is calculated by multiplying stroke volume (the amount of blood ejected per beat) by heart rate.
D. Blood pumped out of an atrium in one minute: This describes atrial function but is not related to the definition of cardiac output.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Increased afterload: Increased afterload, the resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood, typically reduces stroke volume because the heart has to work harder to push blood against higher pressure.
B. Decreased heart contractility: This would reduce stroke volume, as the heart would be less effective at pumping blood.
C. Increased preload: Preload refers to the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole. An increased preload stretches the heart muscle, which typically leads to a stronger contraction and higher stroke volume.
D. Decreased blood pressure: While low blood pressure may reduce afterload, it doesn't directly increase stroke volume unless other factors are at play.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Aldosterone hormone: Aldosterone affects sodium and potassium reabsorption, increasing water retention indirectly, but it does not directly increase water permeability in the collecting ducts.
B. Atrial natriuretic peptide hormone: This hormone decreases blood volume by inhibiting sodium reabsorption, leading to more water excretion, not reabsorption.
C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): ADH increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water, allowing more water to be reabsorbed into the bloodstream.
D. Parathyroid hormone: This hormone primarily regulates calcium levels, not water permeability.
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