What is the role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of ventilation?
It protects the lungs from overinflating.
It modifies the medulla oblongata's functions.
It maintains the basic rhythm of breathing.
It monitors the respiration rate in sleep and awake states.
The Correct Answer is B
A. It protects the lungs from overinflating: While protective reflexes (like the Hering-Breuer reflex) exist to prevent overinflation, this is primarily a function of the lungs and the medulla, not directly the hypothalamus.
B. It modifies the medulla oblongata's functions: The hypothalamus influences the medulla oblongata, which controls the basic rhythm and rate of breathing, allowing the body to adjust ventilation in response to emotional states, temperature changes, and other stimuli.
C. It maintains the basic rhythm of breathing: The basic rhythm of breathing is primarily generated by the medulla oblongata and pons, while the hypothalamus modulates these functions rather than maintaining them directly.
D. It monitors the respiration rate in sleep and awake states: While the hypothalamus does play a role in the sleep-wake cycle, the actual monitoring of respiration rate is managed by the respiratory centers in the brainstem (medulla and pons).
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Pharynx: The pharynx is a part of the throat, but the vocal folds are not located here.
B. Epiglottis: The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea, but it is not where the vocal folds are located.
C. Trachea: The trachea is the windpipe, but the vocal folds are not present here.
D. Larynx: The vocal folds (or vocal cords) are located in the larynx (voice box), which is responsible for sound production.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Producing early induced proteins: While natural killer cells can produce cytokines, their primary function is not related to protein production.
B. Promoting opsonization of bacteria cells: Opsonization is primarily performed by antibodies and complement proteins, rather than natural killer cells.
C. Secreting signaling molecules: While natural killer cells do secrete signaling molecules (cytokines) to communicate with other immune cells, their main role is the direct destruction of infected cells.
D. Destroying virally infected cells: The primary function of natural killer cells is to recognize and eliminate virally infected cells and tumor cells, contributing to the innate immune response.
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