What is the role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of ventilation?
It protects the lungs from overinflating.
It modifies the medulla oblongata's functions.
It maintains the basic rhythm of breathing.
It monitors the respiration rate in sleep and awake states.
The Correct Answer is B
A. It protects the lungs from overinflating: While protective reflexes (like the Hering-Breuer reflex) exist to prevent overinflation, this is primarily a function of the lungs and the medulla, not directly the hypothalamus.
B. It modifies the medulla oblongata's functions: The hypothalamus influences the medulla oblongata, which controls the basic rhythm and rate of breathing, allowing the body to adjust ventilation in response to emotional states, temperature changes, and other stimuli.
C. It maintains the basic rhythm of breathing: The basic rhythm of breathing is primarily generated by the medulla oblongata and pons, while the hypothalamus modulates these functions rather than maintaining them directly.
D. It monitors the respiration rate in sleep and awake states: While the hypothalamus does play a role in the sleep-wake cycle, the actual monitoring of respiration rate is managed by the respiratory centers in the brainstem (medulla and pons).
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Brain and aortic arch: The aortic arch contains peripheral chemoreceptors, but the central chemoreceptor is in the medulla.
B. Medulla of the brain stem: Central chemoreceptors located in the medulla monitor the levels of carbon dioxide (via pH changes) in the cerebrospinal fluid to regulate breathing.
C. Carotid arteries and brain stem: The carotid arteries contain peripheral chemoreceptors, but not central chemoreceptors.
D. Carotid arteries and aortic arch: These locations house peripheral chemoreceptors, not central ones.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Vasa recta: This is a group of capillaries around the nephron loop (loop of Henle), not part of the distal convoluted tubule.
B. Pedicel: These are foot-like projections of podocytes in the glomerulus, not part of the distal convoluted tubule.
C. Bowman's capsule: This surrounds the glomerulus and is part of the filtration process, not the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
D. Macula densa: The macula densa is a group of cells located in the wall of the distal convoluted tubule that senses sodium concentration and regulates blood pressure and filtration rate.
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