What is a significant discovery from the Human Genome Project?

The genome is composed of approximately 1,000 genes.

Human genes produce three proteins per gene, unlike other mammals which produce only one.

All humans are 99.9% identical at the DNA level.

Single gene testing will become a standardized test for all patients in the future.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

Choice A rationale:

Incorrect. The Human Genome Project revealed that humans have approximately 20,000-25,000 genes, not 1,000. This finding significantly expanded our understanding of the complexity of the human genome.

Choice B rationale:

Incorrect. The concept of one gene producing three proteins is not a discovery from the Human Genome Project. While some genes can produce multiple protein isoforms through alternative splicing, this is not a universal feature of human genes.

Choice C rationale:

Correct. This is a major finding from the Human Genome Project. It highlights that despite our apparent differences, humans share a remarkably high degree of genetic similarity. This finding has implications for understanding human evolution, disease susceptibility, and pharmacogenomics.

Key points:

The vast majority of our DNA is shared among all humans.

The small percentage of genetic variation accounts for individual differences and diversity.

This finding challenges previous notions of race and ethnicity based on genetic differences.

It emphasizes the common origins and shared heritage of all humans.

Choice D rationale:

Incorrect. While single gene testing has become more common for certain genetic disorders, it is unlikely to become a standardized test for all patients in the future. This is due to the complexity of human genetics and the diverse factors that contribute to health and disease.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A rationale:

Drug/alcohol use: While substance abuse during pregnancy can lead to adverse outcomes such as preterm labor, fetal growth restriction, and birth defects, it is not considered a primary factor in determining high-risk status for this patient. The specific substances involved (cocaine and alcohol) are indeed associated with risks, but they are not as significant as other factors in this case.

Age: The patient's age of 24 is not considered a high-risk factor for pregnancy. Advanced maternal age (typically defined as 35 years or older) is associated with increased risks for chromosomal abnormalities and other complications, but this patient falls below that age threshold.

Family history: Family history of diabetes mellitus, cancer, and neural tube defects can be relevant to pregnancy risk, but in this case, other factors outweigh their significance.

Choice B rationale:

Blood pressure: The patient's blood pressure of 108/70 mm Hg is within the normal range and does not contribute to highrisk categorization. High blood pressure (hypertension) during pregnancy can lead to preeclampsia and other complications, but this patient does not present with hypertension.

Age: As explained in Choice A, the patient's age is not a high-risk factor.

BMI: A BMI of 17 is considered underweight, which can increase the risk of certain pregnancy complications such as preterm birth and low birth weight. However, in this case, other factors are more significant in determining high-risk status.

Choice C rationale:

Family history: The patient's family history of a neural tube defect (NTD) in a close relative is a significant risk factor for NTDs in her own pregnancy. NTDs are serious birth defects that affect the brain and spinal cord, and they can have lifelong implications for the child. This factor alone warrants a high-risk categorization.

BMI: The patient's underweight BMI of 17 further contributes to her high-risk status, as it can increase the likelihood of certain complications as mentioned earlier.

Drug/alcohol abuse: The patient's admission of cocaine and alcohol use, even if occasional, is a concerning factor for pregnancy. Cocaine, in particular, is a potent vasoconstrictor that can negatively impact fetal growth and development. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs), which can cause a range of physical, cognitive, and behavioral problems.

Choice D rationale:

Age: As explained previously, the patient's age is not a high-risk factor.

BMI: The patient's BMI is a contributing factor, but not the most significant one in this case.

Family history: The patient's family history is relevant, but the presence of a neural tube defect in a close relative is the most significant aspect of her family history in terms of pregnancy risk.

A. Fetal heart rate of 90 beats per minute B. Increased urinary output C. Three contractions occurring within a 10-minute period D. Adequate resting tone of the uterus palpated between contractions E. Adequate resting tone of the uterus palpated between contractions

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A rationale:

Fetal heart rate of 90 beats per minute is a sign of fetal bradycardia, which is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition. It indicates that the fetus is not getting enough oxygen, and it can lead to fetal distress, brain damage, or even death.

Oxytocin can cause uterine hyperstimulation, which can reduce blood flow to the placenta and cause fetal bradycardia. Therefore, if the nurse observes a fetal heart rate of 90 beats per minute, it is essential to discontinue the oxytocin infusion immediately and notify the healthcare provider.

Choice B rationale:

Increased urinary output is not a direct contraindication to oxytocin administration. In fact, oxytocin can sometimes cause a decrease in urinary output due to its antidiuretic effects.

While a significant increase in urinary output could be a sign of fluid overload, it would not necessarily indicate that the oxytocin infusion needs to be discontinued. The nurse would need to assess the patient's overall fluid status and other clinical indicators to make this determination.

Choice C rationale:

Three contractions occurring within a 10-minute period is considered a normal contraction pattern during labor. It is not a sign of uterine hyperstimulation or fetal distress.

In fact, the goal of oxytocin administration is to achieve regular contractions that are occurring every 2-3 minutes and lasting 40-60 seconds. Therefore, this finding would not indicate that the oxytocin infusion needs to be discontinued.

Choice D rationale:

Adequate resting tone of the uterus palpated between contractions is a normal finding during labor. It indicates that the uterus is contracting effectively and is not at risk for uterine atony (lack of muscle tone).

This finding would not be a reason to discontinue the oxytocin infusion.

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What is a significant discovery from the Human Genome Project?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A nurse is caring for a patient in labor who is receiving oxytocin (Pitocin) by IV infusion to stimulate uterine contractions. Which assessment finding would indicate to the nurse that the infusion needs to be discontinued?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

In the diuretic phase of renal failure, which of the following happens?

A pregnant client is at the prenatal clinic for a fetal nuchal translucency test. What does the nurse understand about this test?

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The nurse is assessing a newborn after delivery and observes the following: epicanthal folds, heart murmur, low-set ears, and poor muscle tone. What does the nurse suspect?

A couple has been diagnosed with infertility after trying to conceive for a year. Which test would likely be performed first?

Which cultural group is known for women who may remain stoic until late in labor, at which point they may become vocal and request pain relief?

The nurse is discussing the pros and cons of IV opioid administration during active labor with a client. Which statement by the client indicates a need for further education?

What is a significant discovery from the Human Genome Project?