. What is one sign of fluid volume excess?

A. Rheumatoid arthritis also involves morning stiffness and symmetrical joint pain, but it typically affects smaller joints first (e.g., hands, wrists), and does not usually cause Heberden's and Bouchard's nodes, which are more characteristic of osteoarthritis.

B. Osteomalacia involves bone softening due to vitamin D deficiency and does not present with joint nodes or the type of stiffness described.

C. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by morning stiffness, limited range of motion, and joint pain that worsens with activity. Heberden's and Bouchard's nodes are specific to osteoarthritis, typically appearing on the fingers.

D. Rickets is a pediatric disorder caused by vitamin D deficiency, leading to bone deformities, but it does not cause the joint issues or nodes described.

A. Cerebral Aneurysm is not a neurodegenerative disorder; it is a localized dilation of a blood vessel in the brain that can lead to haemorrhage.

B. Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes affecting the eyes, not a neurodegenerative disorder.

C. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a major neurodegenerative disorder where the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibres, leading to communication problems between the brain and the rest of the body.

D. Bell's Palsy is a condition that causes sudden, temporary weakness or paralysis of the facial muscles, but it is not a neurodegenerative disorder.

E. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy.

F. Cerumen impaction is the build-up of earwax and is not related to neurodegenerative processes.