What is the definition of glycogenolysis?
Convert amino acid to glucose
Break down glycogen to glucose
Convert glucose to amino acid
Convert fat to amino acid
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A: Convert Amino Acid to Glucose
The process of converting amino acids to glucose is known as gluconeogenesis. This metabolic pathway allows the body to produce glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids, during periods of fasting or intense exercise. While this process is crucial for maintaining blood glucose levels, it is not the definition of glycogenolysis.
Choice B: Break Down Glycogen to Glucose
Glycogenolysis is the biochemical process of breaking down glycogen into glucose. Glycogen, a stored form of glucose in the liver and muscle cells, is broken down to provide immediate energy and to maintain blood glucose levels during fasting or intense physical activity. This process is regulated by hormones such as glucagon and epinephrine, which activate enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate and then into glucose-6-phosphate3. The glucose-6-phosphate can then be used in glycolysis to produce energy or released into the bloodstream to maintain blood glucose levels.
Choice C: Convert Glucose to Amino Acid
The conversion of glucose to amino acids is not a typical metabolic pathway. Instead, glucose is primarily used for energy production through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Amino acids are synthesized from intermediates of these pathways and other metabolic processes, but glucose itself is not directly converted into amino acids.
Choice D: Convert Fat to Amino Acid
The conversion of fats to amino acids is not a standard metabolic process. Fats are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol through lipolysis. Fatty acids can be further oxidized to produce energy, while glycerol can enter gluconeogenesis to produce glucose. Amino acids, on the other hand, are derived from dietary proteins or synthesized from other amino acids and metabolic intermediates.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays a role in regulating body temperature. It does this by controlling the dilation and constriction of blood vessels in the skin, which helps to dissipate or conserve heat as needed. Therefore, the statement that the SNS regulates body temperature is correct.
Choice B Reason:
The SNS is crucial in regulating the cardiovascular system. It increases heart rate and the force of heart contractions, and it also causes vasoconstriction, which raises blood pressure. This statement is accurate and does not indicate a need for further teaching.
Choice C Reason:
This is the correct answer. The SNS generally inhibits digestive functions during the “fight-or-flight” response. It reduces blood flow to the digestive organs, decreases peristalsis, and inhibits digestive secretions. Therefore, the statement that the SNS regulates digestive functions is incorrect and indicates a need for further teaching.
Choice D Reason:
The SNS is responsible for the “fight-or-flight” response, which prepares the body to respond to perceived threats. This includes increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and mobilizing energy stores. This statement is correct and does not indicate a need for further teaching.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
Atrophy refers to the reduction in size or wasting away of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in cell size or number. It is not a type of cell death but rather a process of cell shrinkage and loss of function. Therefore, it does not directly relate to the damage caused to nearby cells.
Choice B Reason:
This is the correct answer. Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in a controlled and regulated manner. It allows for the removal of damaged or unnecessary cells without causing an inflammatory response or damage to surrounding tissues. During apoptosis, cellular components are neatly packaged into vesicles called apoptotic bodies, which are then phagocytosed by neighboring cells or immune cells, preventing the release of harmful substances.
Choice C Reason:
Necrosis is a form of traumatic cell death that results from acute cellular injury. It often leads to the uncontrolled release of cellular contents, causing inflammation and damage to surrounding tissues. This process can be detrimental to nearby cells and is generally considered more harmful than apoptosis.
Choice D Reason:
Lysis refers to the breaking down or destruction of cells, often due to external factors such as toxins, infections, or immune responses. Like necrosis, lysis can result in the release of cellular contents into the surrounding environment, leading to inflammation and damage to nearby cells.
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