What is the definition of glycogenolysis?
Convert amino acid to glucose
Break down glycogen to glucose
Convert glucose to amino acid
Convert fat to amino acid
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A: Convert Amino Acid to Glucose
The process of converting amino acids to glucose is known as gluconeogenesis. This metabolic pathway allows the body to produce glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids, during periods of fasting or intense exercise. While this process is crucial for maintaining blood glucose levels, it is not the definition of glycogenolysis.
Choice B: Break Down Glycogen to Glucose
Glycogenolysis is the biochemical process of breaking down glycogen into glucose. Glycogen, a stored form of glucose in the liver and muscle cells, is broken down to provide immediate energy and to maintain blood glucose levels during fasting or intense physical activity. This process is regulated by hormones such as glucagon and epinephrine, which activate enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate and then into glucose-6-phosphate3. The glucose-6-phosphate can then be used in glycolysis to produce energy or released into the bloodstream to maintain blood glucose levels.
Choice C: Convert Glucose to Amino Acid
The conversion of glucose to amino acids is not a typical metabolic pathway. Instead, glucose is primarily used for energy production through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Amino acids are synthesized from intermediates of these pathways and other metabolic processes, but glucose itself is not directly converted into amino acids.
Choice D: Convert Fat to Amino Acid
The conversion of fats to amino acids is not a standard metabolic process. Fats are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol through lipolysis. Fatty acids can be further oxidized to produce energy, while glycerol can enter gluconeogenesis to produce glucose. Amino acids, on the other hand, are derived from dietary proteins or synthesized from other amino acids and metabolic intermediates.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
The prodromal stage refers to the period during which early symptoms of a disease appear but are not yet specific or severe. This stage is often associated with infectious diseases where initial symptoms like fever, malaise, and fatigue occur before more specific symptoms develop. In the context of HIV, the prodromal stage would not be applicable as it refers to the early symptomatic phase rather than a period without symptoms.
Choice B Reason:
Remission is a term used to describe a period during which the symptoms of a disease are reduced or disappear. This term is commonly used in the context of chronic diseases such as cancer or autoimmune disorders. For HIV, remission would imply a reduction in viral load and symptoms due to effective treatment, but it does not describe the asymptomatic phase following initial exposure.
Choice C Reason:
Exacerbation refers to the worsening or flare-up of symptoms in a chronic disease. This term is often used in conditions like asthma or multiple sclerosis where symptoms can become more severe periodically. In the context of HIV, exacerbation would describe periods where symptoms become more pronounced, not the asymptomatic phase after initial exposure.
Choice D Reason:
The latent stage, also known as the clinical latency stage or asymptomatic HIV infection, is the period after initial HIV exposure when the virus is present in the body but not causing any symptoms. During this stage, HIV continues to replicate at low levels, and the individual may not feel sick or show any signs of the disease. This stage can last for several years, especially with effective antiretroviral therapy.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
Inducer medications do not increase the blood level of newly added medications. Instead, they enhance the activity of enzymes that metabolize drugs, leading to a faster breakdown and lower concentration of the new medication in the bloodstream. This can result in reduced efficacy of the newly added medication.
Choice B Reason:
Inducer medications increase the activity of enzymes, particularly those in the cytochrome P450 family, which are responsible for drug metabolism. This increased enzyme activity accelerates the breakdown of the newly added medication, thereby decreasing its blood level and potentially reducing its therapeutic effect. For example, rifampin is a well-known inducer that can significantly lower the levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Choice C Reason:
Inducer medications do not increase the half-life of newly added medications. On the contrary, by enhancing the metabolic activity of enzymes, they typically reduce the half-life of the new medication. This means the drug is broken down and eliminated from the body more quickly.
Choice D Reason:
Inducer medications do have a significant effect on new medications. They alter the metabolism of drugs by increasing the activity of metabolic enzymes, which can lead to decreased blood levels and reduced effectiveness of the new medication. Ignoring this interaction can result in subtherapeutic drug levels and treatment failure.
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