What is the most common cause of early decelerations in fetal heart rate?
Fetal head compression
Uteroplacental insufficiency
Cord compression
Maternal hypertension
The Correct Answer is A
A. Fetal head compression. Early decelerations are typically caused by fetal head compression during contractions. This is usually a benign finding and indicates that labor is progressing.
B. Uteroplacental insufficiency. Uteroplacental insufficiency causes late decelerations, not early decelerations. Late decelerations are more concerning and indicate fetal distress.
C. Cord compression. Cord compression causes variable decelerations, not early decelerations. Variable decelerations can occur at any time during a contraction.
D. Maternal hypertension. Maternal hypertension is not a direct cause of early decelerations. It may contribute to uteroplacental insufficiency, which causes late decelerations.
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. First stage: The first stage of labor begins with the onset of regular contractions and ends with full dilation (10 cm) of the cervix.
B. Third stage: The third stage of labor begins after the birth of the baby and ends with the delivery of the placenta.
C. Fourth stage: The fourth stage of labor involves the immediate postpartum period after the placenta is delivered, focusing on stabilization of the mother.
D. Second Stage: The second stage of labor begins with complete cervical dilation (10 cm) and ends with the birth of the baby.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Assist in initiating IV access and administering IV fluid bolus: While IV fluids may be needed, the priority in this case is to address the umbilical cord prolapse, which poses an immediate risk to the baby.
B. Call for assistance immediately: Cord prolapse is an obstetric emergency that requires immediate assistance to prevent fetal hypoxia. Rapid response is crucial to save the baby.
C. Apply finger pressure to the presenting part: Although applying pressure to relieve compression on the cord is necessary, the first action should be to summon help to manage the emergency.
D. Administer oxygen at 10 L/min via a nonrebreather: Oxygen is important to improve maternal and fetal oxygenation, but calling for help is the immediate priority in this life-threatening situation.
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