What is the term used to describe the total amount of blood ejected from the Ventricle over 1 minute?

A. Pitting edema is more commonly associated with right-sided heart failure, where blood backs up in the systemic venous system, leading to fluid accumulation in the extremities. While it can occur in left- sided heart failure due to secondary effects on right-sided heart function, it is not a primary feature.
B. This is a common symptom of left-sided heart failure. It refers to sudden, severe shortness of breath that occurs at night, often causing the patient to wake up gasping for air. It is due to fluid accumulation in the lungs when lying flat, which worsens the patient’s breathing.
C. JVD is typically associated with right-sided heart failure. It occurs when blood backs up into the veins of the neck. In left-sided heart failure, this is not a primary symptom, though it can appear if left-sided heart failure progresses to affect the right side of the heart.
D. Crackles (or rales) are often heard during auscultation of the lungs in patients with left-sided heart failure. They are caused by fluid accumulation in the alveoli and are a direct result of pulmonary congestion.

E. This is a classic and severe symptom of left-sided heart failure, specifically associated with acute pulmonary edema. It occurs due to significant fluid leakage from the capillaries into the alveoli, mixing with air to create the pink, frothy appearance.

A. Jaundice is associated with liver problems.
B. Kehr's sign is associated with irritation of the diaphragm, often due to conditions like splenic rupture.
C. Polycythemia vera is a blood disorder characterized by an overproduction of red blood cells.
D. Autoantibodies are antibodies produced by the immune system that attack the body's own cells. In Type 1 Diabetes, these autoantibodies target the insulin-producing cells. C-peptide is a byproduct of insulin production. Since Type 1 Diabetes involves the destruction of insulin-producing cells, C-peptide levels will be low or absent.