What substance move freely in and out of a cell by diffusion?

Proteins

Enzymes

Hormones

Electrolytes

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

A) Proteins:
Proteins are generally too large to diffuse freely across the cell membrane. They require specific transport mechanisms, such as endocytosis or transport proteins, to move in and out of cells. The hydrophilic nature of most proteins further complicates their passage across the lipid bilayer.

B) Enzymes:
Like proteins, enzymes are large molecules that do not freely diffuse across cell membranes. Enzymes, being proteins, also need specialized transport mechanisms or need to be secreted or endocytosed to enter or exit cells.

C) Hormones:
Many hormones, particularly lipid-soluble ones like steroid hormones, can diffuse freely across the cell membrane. These hormones pass through the lipid bilayer due to their hydrophobic nature and bind to intracellular receptors, initiating cellular responses. However, water-soluble hormones (e.g., insulin) typically do not diffuse freely but interact with receptors on the cell surface.

D) Electrolytes:
Electrolytes (such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride ions) are charged particles that cannot pass freely through the lipid bilayer due to the hydrophobic interior of the cell membrane. They require specific ion channels or transporters to move in and out of the cell. Diffusion of electrolytes is facilitated through these channels, but it is not a simple diffusion process as seen with small, uncharged molecules.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A) Monoamine oxidase:
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an enzyme, not a neurotransmitter. It is responsible for breaking down certain neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, in the brain and other parts of the body. While it plays a crucial role in regulating neurotransmitter levels, it is not itself a neurotransmitter.

B) Cholinesterase:
Cholinesterase is also an enzyme, not a neurotransmitter. It breaks down acetylcholine (ACh) at synaptic junctions to terminate its action after it has transmitted a nerve impulse. This enzyme is important for the proper functioning of cholinergic synapses but does not function as a neurotransmitter.

C) Acetylcholine (ACh):
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter. It is released by nerve cells at cholinergic synapses and plays a key role in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. ACh is involved in transmitting nerve impulses to muscles (muscle contraction) and is also important in cognitive functions like memory and learning in the brain.

D) Calcium:
Calcium is a vital ion involved in many cellular processes, including muscle contraction and neurotransmitter release. However, it is not a neurotransmitter. It plays a role in the function of neurotransmitters but does not act as one itself.

A. Decrease in heart rate and perfusion, and an increase in inflammatory response B. Increase motility and secretion in the GI tract, constriction of bronchi and pupils C. Increase in blood pressure, bronchodilation, and decrease bowel sounds D. Decrease in sweating, decrease in respiration, and pupil constriction

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A) Decrease in heart rate and perfusion, and an increase in inflammatory response: These manifestations suggest parasympathetic nervous system activation, not the sympathetic response. The sympathetic system generally increases heart rate and perfusion to support "fight or flight" responses. Additionally, inflammatory responses are more immune-related and are not a direct effect of sympathetic activation.

B) Increase motility and secretion in the GI tract, constriction of bronchi and pupils: This is characteristic of parasympathetic nervous system activity. The parasympathetic system stimulates digestion (increased motility and secretion) and causes bronchoconstriction and pupil constriction (miosis). The sympathetic nervous system, in contrast, inhibits GI motility and causes bronchodilation and pupil dilation.

C) Increase in blood pressure, bronchodilation, and decrease bowel sounds: These are hallmark signs of sympathetic nervous system activation. When the sympathetic system is activated during stress or danger, it leads to vasoconstriction, which increases blood pressure. Bronchodilation occurs to allow more oxygen intake, and GI motility decreases (manifested as reduced bowel sounds) to redirect energy to more vital functions, like increased circulation to muscles.

D) Decrease in sweating, decrease in respiration, and pupil constriction: These signs suggest parasympathetic or a relaxed state. The sympathetic nervous system typically increases sweating, respiration, and causes pupil dilation to prepare the body for increased activity. Decreased sweating and respiration, along with pupil constriction, would not be consistent with the sympathetic response.

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What substance move freely in and out of a cell by diffusion?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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