When hormones, formed within a cell, move across the cell membrane, the process is call what?

Phagocytosis

Endocytosis

Pinocytosis

Exocytosis

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A) Phagocytosis: Phagocytosis refers to the process by which a cell engulfs large particles, such as pathogens or debris, and brings them into the cell. It is not related to the movement of hormones across the cell membrane.
B) Endocytosis: Endocytosis is the process where a cell engulfs substances from the external environment and brings them into the cell. However, this term is typically used when substances like nutrients or larger molecules are taken into the cell, not when hormones are being secreted out of the cell.
C) Pinocytosis: Pinocytosis is a type of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs extracellular fluid and dissolved substances. It is often referred to as "cell drinking" and involves the uptake of fluids, not the secretion of hormones across the membrane.
D) Exocytosis: This is the correct answer. Exocytosis is the process by which substances, such as hormones or neurotransmitters, are transported from inside the cell to the outside by vesicles that fuse with the cell membrane. In the case of hormones, they are synthesized within the cell and then released into the extracellular space via exocytosis, enabling them to reach their target sites.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A) Pupil constriction: Pupil constriction (miosis) is primarily mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system through muscarinic receptors, not nicotinic receptors. Nicotinic receptors, when stimulated, affect skeletal muscle contraction, not the size of the pupils.

B) Muscle contraction: Nicotinic receptors are located on skeletal muscle cells and are responsible for mediating muscle contraction when activated. When a drug stimulates nicotinic receptors, the expected outcome is muscle contraction, as these receptors play a critical role in neuromuscular transmission.

C) Increase GI motility: While nicotinic receptors are involved in muscle contraction, they are not the primary mediators of gastrointestinal motility. Muscarinic receptors, which are part of the parasympathetic nervous system, primarily control GI motility. Stimulating muscarinic receptors would lead to increased motility, but not nicotinic receptors.

D) Decrease in heart rate: A decrease in heart rate is typically associated with the stimulation of muscarinic receptors, particularly those that influence the parasympathetic nervous system (vagal tone). Nicotinic receptor activation does not directly influence heart rate; in fact, their stimulation is more related to skeletal muscle contraction.

A. Pupil dilation B. Increased gastrointestinal motility C. Vasoconstriction D. Increased heart rate

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A) Pupil dilation:
Pupil dilation is typically a response from stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, not the parasympathetic system. The parasympathetic system tends to cause pupil constriction, so pupil dilation would not be an expected response to a parasympathetic agonist.

B) Increased gastrointestinal motility:
Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the "rest and digest" response, promotes the movement of food through the digestive tract, increasing gastrointestinal motility. This response is a classic sign that the parasympathetic system is being activated. Drugs that stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system often aim to enhance digestive functions.

C) Vasoconstriction:
Vasoconstriction is typically mediated by the sympathetic nervous system, not the parasympathetic system. The sympathetic nervous system activates alpha-adrenergic receptors that cause blood vessels to constrict, raising blood pressure. The parasympathetic system, on the other hand, typically promotes vasodilation, lowering blood pressure.

D) Increased heart rate:
Increased heart rate is generally associated with the sympathetic nervous system, which prepares the body for "fight or flight." The parasympathetic nervous system, in contrast, slows down the heart rate through vagal stimulation, so an increase in heart rate would not be the expected response to parasympathetic stimulation.

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When hormones, formed within a cell, move across the cell membrane, the process is call what?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

When the nurse administers a drug that stimulates the nicotinic receptors, what manifestation would indicate that the drug is working?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

The nurse administers a drug that stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system. What physiologic response would indicate that the drug is working?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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What substance move freely in and out of a cell by diffusion?