Which client exhibits signs and symptoms of delirium and not dementia or depression?

The onset is sudden and acute

The client's ability to perform ADLs is intact.

The cognitive changes are hidden by the client

The client demonstrates apathetic demeanor or flat affect

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A.   Delirium is characterized by a sudden onset of confusion and changes in mental status, often occurring over a short period (hours to days). This contrasts with dementia, which has a gradual onset and progressive decline in cognitive function over months or years.
B.   In delirium, the ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) is often affected because cognitive and attentional impairments can interfere with daily functioning. In contrast, early stages of dementia may still allow for relatively intact ADLs, and in depression, ADLs might be affected due to lack of motivation or energy rather than cognitive impairment.
C.   Delirium typically involves visible, pronounced cognitive changes and fluctuating levels of awareness and attention. Clients with delirium usually exhibit overt confusion and disorientation. In contrast, in dementia, cognitive changes are progressive and become more apparent over time.
D.   An apathetic demeanor or flat affect is more commonly associated with depression, where mood disturbances such as sadness, lack of motivation, and diminished emotional expression are prevalent. Dementia might also involve changes in affect, but apathy and flat affect are not distinguishing features of delirium.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. While anxiety can cause symptoms like hallucinations, it's typically not associated with a sudden onset due to a physical illness and a high fever.
B. Delirium is an acute confusional state often caused by medical conditions, such as infections (like malaria), and is characterized by rapid onset, fluctuations in consciousness, and disturbances in attention, perception, and cognition. Hallucinations are a common symptom of delirium.
C. Dementia is a progressive decline in cognitive function, which usually develops gradually over time, not suddenly due to a fever.
D. While hallucinations are a symptom of psychosis, they are typically associated with underlying mental health conditions rather than a sudden physical illness.

A. seen occasionally B. common C. non-existent D. rare

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Depression is not just an occasional issue; it is a common and serious mental health concern among older adults. Many factors contribute to its prevalence, including loss of loved ones, chronic illnesses, isolation, and significant life changes.
B. Depression is indeed common among the elderly. Factors such as loneliness, physical health problems, loss of independence, and the death of friends and family can contribute to higher rates of depression in this age group. Studies have shown that depression is a frequent issue in older adults, and it is important for healthcare providers to be aware of and address it.
C. Depression is not non-existent in the elderly; it is a well-recognized condition affecting many older adults. Ignoring or dismissing the prevalence of depression in this population can lead to underdiagnosis and inadequate treatment, negatively impacting their well-being.
D. Depression is not rare among the elderly; it is a common issue. Factors such as chronic physical health conditions, loss of social support, and significant life changes can contribute to higher rates of depression in older adults. Proper assessment and treatment are essential to address this prevalent issue.

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Which client exhibits signs and symptoms of delirium and not dementia or depression?

Nursing Test Bank

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