Which clinical manifestation would be required to confirm the diagnosis of Parkinson disease?
Rigidity only
Bradykinesia only
Tremors at rest and bradykinesia
Tremor at rest and flaccidity
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A reason: Rigidity alone is insufficient for a Parkinson disease diagnosis. While rigidity, due to dopamine depletion in the basal ganglia, is a core symptom, diagnostic criteria require additional features like bradykinesia or rest tremors. Rigidity can occur in other conditions, making it non-specific without accompanying symptoms.
Choice B reason: Bradykinesia alone, characterized by slow movement from basal ganglia dysfunction, is a key Parkinson disease feature but insufficient for diagnosis. Diagnostic criteria typically require bradykinesia plus rest tremor or rigidity to confirm PD, as bradykinesia can also occur in other neurological disorders.
Choice C reason: Tremors at rest and bradykinesia are cardinal features of Parkinson disease, resulting from dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra. Rest tremors, typically unilateral, and slowed movements are diagnostic hallmarks, often accompanied by rigidity or postural instability, making this combination critical for confirming PD.
Choice D reason: Tremor at rest with flaccidity is not consistent with Parkinson disease. PD involves rigidity, not flaccidity, due to increased muscle tone from basal ganglia dysfunction. Flaccidity suggests other conditions, like lower motor neuron disorders, making this choice incorrect for PD diagnosis.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: Decreased renal blood flow and urine concentration in older adults can lead to reduced kidney efficiency, affecting fluid balance. However, these changes primarily cause issues like nocturia or polyuria, not directly incontinence. Incontinence in this context is more related to physical limitations than renal function, making this explanation less relevant.
Choice B reason: The statement about kidneys reaching maximum size at ages 35 to 40 is factually inaccurate and irrelevant to incontinence. Kidney size does not directly correlate with urinary control. Incontinence in older adults, especially those wheelchair-bound, is more likely due to mobility or neurological issues, not kidney size.
Choice C reason: Mobility issues, such as being wheelchair-bound, can cause urinary incontinence by limiting timely access to toileting facilities. This leads to functional incontinence, where physical limitations prevent reaching the bathroom. In older adults, reduced mobility exacerbates bladder control issues, making this the most accurate explanation for the daughter.
Choice D reason: Variations in voiding frequency may occur in older adults due to bladder changes or medications, but this does not directly cause incontinence. Frequency may contribute to urgency, but the primary issue in a wheelchair-bound client is likely mobility-related, making this explanation less precise than mobility issues.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Continuing suctioning during decreased oxygen saturation and bradycardia worsens hypoxia, as suctioning removes oxygen from the airway. Administering 50% oxygen is insufficient to rapidly correct severe desaturation, making this action inappropriate compared to stopping suctioning and providing 100% oxygen.
Choice B reason: Discontinuing suctioning prevents further oxygen depletion, as suctioning removes air from the airway, exacerbating hypoxia. Administering 100% oxygen rapidly restores oxygen saturation, addressing bradycardia caused by hypoxemia. This aligns with critical care protocols, making it the best action.
Choice C reason: Preparing for resuscitation is premature unless the patient is unresponsive or in cardiac arrest. Decreased oxygen saturation and bradycardia can often be reversed by stopping suctioning and providing oxygen, making this action less immediate than addressing hypoxia directly.
Choice D reason: Continuing suctioning worsens hypoxia, and epinephrine is not indicated for bradycardia caused by suctioning-related hypoxemia. Epinephrine is used in cardiac arrest or allergic reactions, not routine suctioning complications, making this choice incorrect for the scenario.
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