Which clinical manifestation would be required to confirm the diagnosis of Parkinson disease?

Rigidity only

Bradykinesia only

Tremors at rest and bradykinesia

Tremor at rest and flaccidity

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

Choice A reason: Rigidity alone is insufficient for a Parkinson disease diagnosis. While rigidity, due to dopamine depletion in the basal ganglia, is a core symptom, diagnostic criteria require additional features like bradykinesia or rest tremors. Rigidity can occur in other conditions, making it non-specific without accompanying symptoms.

Choice B reason: Bradykinesia alone, characterized by slow movement from basal ganglia dysfunction, is a key Parkinson disease feature but insufficient for diagnosis. Diagnostic criteria typically require bradykinesia plus rest tremor or rigidity to confirm PD, as bradykinesia can also occur in other neurological disorders.

Choice C reason: Tremors at rest and bradykinesia are cardinal features of Parkinson disease, resulting from dopaminergic neuron loss in the substantia nigra. Rest tremors, typically unilateral, and slowed movements are diagnostic hallmarks, often accompanied by rigidity or postural instability, making this combination critical for confirming PD.

Choice D reason: Tremor at rest with flaccidity is not consistent with Parkinson disease. PD involves rigidity, not flaccidity, due to increased muscle tone from basal ganglia dysfunction. Flaccidity suggests other conditions, like lower motor neuron disorders, making this choice incorrect for PD diagnosis.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A reason: Serotonin syndrome results from excessive serotonin, often from combining SSRIs and St. John’s Wort, which inhibits serotonin reuptake. Symptoms include dilated pupils (mydriasis) due to autonomic hyperactivity and loss of muscle coordination (ataxia) from neurological overstimulation, reflecting serotonin’s impact on motor control and sympathetic nervous system activation.

Choice B reason: Tinnitus and jerking movements are not primary features of serotonin syndrome. Tinnitus may occur in other conditions, like medication side effects, but is not typical here. Jerking movements could resemble myoclonus, but serotonin syndrome more consistently presents with autonomic symptoms (e.g., dilated pupils) and ataxia, making this choice less accurate.

Choice C reason: Pill-rolling movements and drooling are characteristic of Parkinson disease, not serotonin syndrome. These result from dopamine deficiency in the basal ganglia, unrelated to serotonin excess. Serotonin syndrome involves hyperactive neurological and autonomic symptoms, not parkinsonian features, making this choice incorrect for the condition described.

Choice D reason: Suicidal ideations are associated with depression or SSRI side effects but are not a hallmark of serotonin syndrome. This condition involves acute physiological symptoms like hyperthermia, tachycardia, and muscle rigidity due to serotonin toxicity, not primarily psychiatric manifestations, making this choice inappropriate.

A. Increases insulin release from the pancreas, inhibits glucagon secretion, and decreases gastric emptying B. Increases insulin production from the pancreas C. Reduces glucose production by the liver and enhances insulin sensitivity D. Slows the absorption of carbohydrate in the small intestine

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A reason: This describes GLP-1 agonists, not metformin. Metformin does not primarily increase insulin release, inhibit glucagon, or delay gastric emptying. Its main actions are hepatic glucose suppression and insulin sensitivity improvement, making this choice incorrect for metformin’s mechanism.

Choice B reason: Metformin does not increase insulin production from the pancreas. It works primarily in the liver and peripheral tissues to manage glucose levels in type 2 diabetes, making this statement incorrect as it misrepresents metformin’s pharmacological action.

Choice C reason: Metformin reduces hepatic glucose production by inhibiting gluconeogenesis and enhances insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, improving glucose uptake. This lowers blood glucose in type 2 diabetes without causing hypoglycemia, making this the accurate explanation of its mechanism.

Choice D reason: Slowing carbohydrate absorption is the mechanism of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, not metformin. Metformin’s primary effects are on the liver and insulin-sensitive tissues, not intestinal absorption, making this choice incorrect for explaining how metformin works.

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Which clinical manifestation would be required to confirm the diagnosis of Parkinson disease?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is caring for a client who ingested a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and St. John’s Wort. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as being consistent with serotonin syndrome?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

The newly diagnosed patient with type 2 diabetes has been prescribed metformin (Glucophage). What should the nurse tell the patient to best explain how this medication works?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A nurse arranges for an aid to sit with a client overnight to avoid the use of restraints. The nurse should identify that this is an example of which of the following ethical principles?

A patient started Alendronate (Fosamax) once a week for the treatment of osteoporosis. The nurse determines that further instruction about the drug is needed when what is said by the patient?

A nurse is providing education to a group of clients about the health effects of eating disorders. Which of the following client statements indicates an understanding of the teaching?

A nurse is observing a group therapy session. Which of the following client statements should the nurse identify as an indication of bulimia nervosa?

The nurse instructs a client in infection prevention. Which of the following statements, if made by the client, indicates that the teaching was effective?

A nurse is preparing a presentation on Parkinson’s disease (PD) for a health fair at a local community center. Which information should the nurse include in the presentation?

A prescription reads phenytoin 0.2 g orally twice daily. The medication label states that each capsule is 100 mg. The nurse prepares how many capsule(s) to administer 1 dose?