Which factors may contribute to hypertension? (Select All that Apply.)

Decreased stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS).

Decreased elasticity of blood vessels.

Increased peripheral vascular resistance (PVR).

Decreased fluid volume.

Increased blood viscosity.

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : B,C,E

(A) Decreased stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS): The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays a key role in regulating blood pressure. When the SNS is stimulated, it causes vasoconstriction, or narrowing of the blood vessels, which increases blood pressure. Therefore, decreased stimulation of the SNS would typically lead to vasodilation, or widening of the blood vessels, which would lower blood pressure, not increase it.

(B) Decreased elasticity of blood vessels: As people age, their blood vessels can lose elasticity, which can lead to hypertension. When blood vessels are elastic, they can easily expand and contract with each heartbeat, maintaining a healthy blood pressure. But when they become stiff or rigid, they can’t expand as easily, causing the pressure inside to increase.

(c) Increased peripheral vascular resistance (PVR): Peripheral vascular resistance is the resistance that blood must overcome to flow through the blood vessels. The more resistance, the harder the heart has to work to pump blood through the body, which can lead to increased blood pressure. Factors that can increase PVR include vasoconstriction, or narrowing of the blood vessels, and increased blood viscosity, or thickness.

(D) Decreased fluid volume: Decreased fluid volume, or hypovolemia, would typically lead to a decrease in blood pressure, not an increase. This is because blood pressure is directly related to the volume of blood in the blood vessels. When there’s less blood, the pressure inside the blood vessels is usually lower.

(E) Increased blood viscosity: Blood viscosity refers to the thickness of the blood. When blood is thicker, it’s harder for it to flow through the blood vessels, which increases the resistance to blood flow, leading to increased blood pressure.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Spirituality can increase feelings of hopelessness: This is generally not the case. Spirituality often provides a sense of hope and meaning, especially during challenging times such as the end of life.

B. Spirituality can increase depression: On the contrary, spirituality often serves as a source of comfort and strength, and can help individuals cope with emotional pain and feelings of depression.

C. Spirituality can increase the desire to hasten death: Spirituality typically helps individuals find meaning and purpose in their experiences, which can actually decrease the desire for a hastened death.

D. Spirituality can increase the quality of life: This is correct. Spirituality often enhances the quality of life, especially near the end of life. It can provide a sense of peace, comfort, and well-being. It can also help individuals make sense of their experiences and find meaning in them

A. Glasgow coma scale result B. Intracranial pressure readings C. Medication during the next shift D. History of the injury

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

(A) Glasgow coma scale result:
The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) result is important and would be included in the "Assessment" segment of SBAR, as it provides current data on the client's level of consciousness and neurological status.

(B) Intracranial pressure readings:
Intracranial pressure (ICP) readings are crucial for monitoring the client's condition but would be more appropriately included in the "Assessment" or "Background" segments, as they provide ongoing data relevant to the client's current health status and trends.

(C) Medication during the next shift:
Medication information, especially about what needs to be administered during the next shift, would fall under the "Recommendation" segment. This is where the outgoing nurse would specify what needs to be done next for the client's care.

(D) History of the injury:
The history of the injury is part of the "Situation" segment in SBAR reporting. This includes a brief description of why the client is being reported on, providing context for their current condition. For a client with a traumatic brain injury, this would involve a summary of how the injury occurred, which sets the stage for understanding the client's current status and care needs.

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Which factors may contribute to hypertension? (Select All that Apply.)

Nursing Test Bank

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