Which nursing pioneer established the Red Cross in the United States in 1882?

Florence Nightingale

Clara Barton

Dorothea Dix

Jane Addams

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

Choice A reason: Florence Nightingale founded modern nursing and improved hospital sanitation but did not establish the U.S. Red Cross. Her work focused on nursing education and patient care standards, impacting healthcare systems globally. The Red Cross, a humanitarian organization, was established in the U.S. by Clara Barton, making Nightingale incorrect for this achievement.

Choice B reason: Clara Barton established the American Red Cross in 1882, providing disaster relief and wartime aid. Her work involved organizing volunteer efforts to support medical care and supplies, addressing physiological needs like wound care and nutrition during crises. Barton’s leadership formalized humanitarian aid in the U.S., making her the correct pioneer for this milestone.

Choice C reason: Dorothea Dix advocated for mental health reform and improved conditions for the mentally ill but did not found the Red Cross. Her efforts focused on institutional reforms, not disaster relief or wartime medical support. Clara Barton’s establishment of the Red Cross addressed acute humanitarian needs, making Dix incorrect for this role.

Choice D reason: Jane Addams founded Hull House and focused on social reform, not the Red Cross. Her work addressed community health and social disparities, not organized disaster or wartime relief. Clara Barton’s Red Cross provided medical and humanitarian aid, distinct from Addams’ social work, making Addams incorrect for this achievement.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A reason: Using a fluorescent light source may not adequately reveal Stage I pressure ulcers in dark skin, as color changes are subtle. Natural or halogen light is preferred to detect darkening or erythema. Fluorescent light can distort pigmentation, reducing accuracy, per dermatological assessment techniques.

Choice B reason: Inspecting skin only if the Braden score indicates risk may miss early Stage I ulcers, which present as non-blanchable darkening in dark skin. Routine inspection is essential, as Braden scores predict risk but do not confirm ulcers, potentially delaying intervention, per pressure injury protocols.

Choice C reason: Avoiding touching the skin during inspection is inappropriate, as palpation detects warmth, induration, or non-blanching, key for Stage I ulcers in dark skin. Tactile assessment complements visual inspection, ensuring accurate identification of early tissue damage, per comprehensive skin assessment guidelines.

Choice D reason: Looking for skin darker than surrounding areas is the best approach for Stage I pressure ulcers in dark skin, as they present as non-blanchable hyperpigmentation rather than redness. This visual change indicates early tissue damage, guiding timely intervention to prevent progression, per pressure ulcer staging standards.

A. Ask the client's full name and date of birth. B. Verify the client's room number. C. Check the client's name on the medication administration record (MAR). D. Ask a family member to verify the client's identity.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A reason: Asking the client’s full name and date of birth ensures accurate identification, aligning with the Joint Commission’s two-identifier protocol. This method confirms the client’s identity directly, reducing medication errors and ensuring safety, as it is reliable and patient-specific, per medication administration standards.

Choice B reason: Verifying the client’s room number is unreliable, as patients may change rooms or share spaces. Room numbers are not unique identifiers and risk misidentification, leading to medication errors. This method fails to meet safety standards for patient verification, per hospital safety protocols.

Choice C reason: Checking the client’s name on the MAR is part of the process but insufficient alone, as it does not confirm the client’s identity at the bedside. Without direct patient verification, errors may occur if MARs are mismatched, making this inadequate, per medication safety guidelines.

Choice D reason: Asking a family member to verify identity is unreliable, as they may be mistaken or unavailable. Direct patient identifiers, like name and date of birth, are required to ensure accuracy, reducing errors. This method does not meet regulatory standards for patient identification, per safety protocols.

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Which nursing pioneer established the Red Cross in the United States in 1882?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

The nurse is assessing a client with dark skin for the presence of a Stage I pressure ulcer. Which is the best approach to making this assessment?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Before administering a medication to a client, the nurse must identify the client. Which of the following methods of identification should the nurse use?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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