Which of the following are considered normal findings for assessment of the respiratory system? Select all that apply.

Choice A rationale

Separation of the retina from the choroid, also known as retinal detachment, is a different condition altogether. Retinal detachment can cause vision loss but is not related to macular degeneration. This condition often requires immediate medical attention to prevent permanent vision loss and is typically characterized by the sudden appearance of floaters, flashes of light, and a shadow or curtain over a portion of the visual field.

Choice B rationale

Peripheral vision loss and seeing halos around light are more commonly associated with conditions like glaucoma. Glaucoma involves increased intraocular pressure, which can damage the optic nerve and lead to peripheral vision loss and seeing halos around lights. This condition can be managed with medications or surgery to lower intraocular pressure and prevent further vision loss.

Choice C rationale

Complaints of severe pain and pressure in the eye are indicative of acute angle-closure glaucoma. This is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment to reduce intraocular pressure and prevent optic nerve damage. The symptoms of acute angle-closure glaucoma are sudden and severe and can include headache, nausea, and vomiting, along with the eye pain and pressure.

Choice D rationale

Central vision loss with intact peripheral vision is characteristic of macular degeneration, particularly age-related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD affects the macula, the part of the retina responsible for sharp, central vision. As the macula deteriorates, central vision becomes blurry or wavy, making it difficult to read, drive, or recognize faces, while peripheral vision remains largely unaffected.

Choice A rationale

Fibrocystic lesions in the breast are benign changes that involve the formation of cysts and fibrous tissue. These do not typically cause an orange-peel appearance of the skin.

Choice B rationale

A normal finding of the breast would not include an orange-peel or "peau d'orange" appearance, as this is considered an abnormal change often associated with underlying pathology.

Choice C rationale

Carcinoma of the breast can lead to an orange-peel appearance of the skin due to lymphatic obstruction. This dimpling effect is caused by the cancerous infiltration and thickening of the skin, making this the correct answer.

Choice D rationale

Fibroadenoma is a benign tumor of the breast and does not usually cause the skin changes described as orange-peel appearance. This condition is generally not associated with skin texture changes.