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Which of the following are signs and symptoms of hypernatremia? (Select all that apply)

A.

Thirst

B.

Seizures

C.

Dry mucous membranes

D.

Bradycardia

E.

Muscle weakness

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,B,C,E

(A) Thirst: The body increases thirst to compensate for high sodium levels and prevent dehydration.

(B) Seizures: Severe hypernatremia causes neurological symptoms like seizures due to cerebral dehydration.

(C) Dry Mucous Membranes: Water loss leads to dry oral mucosa.

(E) Muscle Weakness: Electrolyte imbalances affect neuromuscular function, leading to weakness.

 (D) Bradycardia: Hypernatremia is more likely to cause tachycardia due to dehydration and hypovolemia.


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Related Questions

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

(A) Include foods rich in potassium in the diet: Torsemide is a loop diuretic, which increases potassium excretion and may cause hypokalemia, requiring potassium supplementation.

(B) Increase calcium-rich foods: Torsemide primarily affects potassium, not calcium.

(C) Restrict fluid intake to 500 mL/day: Fluid restrictions may be necessary in severe heart failure, but 500 mL/day is too restrictive unless specifically indicated.

(D) Restrict foods rich in potassium in the diet: Torsemide causes potassium loss, not retention, so restricting potassium would worsen hypokalemia.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

(A) Hypernatremia: PTH does not significantly affect sodium levels.

(B) Hyponatremia: PTH imbalance does not cause sodium depletion.

(C) Hypocalcemia: Hyperparathyroidism increases calcium levels, not decreases them.

(D) Hypercalcemia: Hyperparathyroidism causes excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which increases calcium release from bones, enhances calcium absorption in the intestines, and reduces calcium excretion by the kidneys, leading to hypercalcemia.

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