Which of the following developmental concepts accounts for the finding that children develop the ability to control their arms before they develop the ability to control their legs?
The proximodistal principle
The cephalocaudal principle
Schema theory
Synaptic pruning
Orthogenesis
The Correct Answer is B
A. The proximodistal principle: Proximodistal describes development from the center of the body outward (control of trunk before extremities), not specifically arms before legs.
B. The cephalocaudal principle: cephalocaudal means development proceeds head-to-toe/upper-to-lower, so control of upper body/arms tends to precede control of lower body/legs.
C. Schema theory: Schema theory concerns cognitive structures for organizing experience (Piaget), not the directional pattern of motor development described.
D. Synaptic pruning: Synaptic pruning is a neural process of eliminating excess synapses during development; it doesn’t name the body-to-limb sequence of motor control.
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Correct Answer is E
Explanation
A. Short-term and long-term memory: These are types of memory processes; cross-sectional design interpretation is not primarily about distinguishing memory systems.
B. Experimentation and correlation: This contrasts methods (experimental vs correlational); cross-sectional studies are typically observational-this choice doesn’t pinpoint the central interpretive problem.
C. Reliability and validity: These are measurement properties; while important, they are not the core confound in interpreting cross-sectional age comparisons.
D. Treatments and placebos: These terms relate to experimental controls in intervention studies, not to the principal issue in cross-sectional interpretation.
E. Cohort and age: cross-sectional designs compare different cohorts at one time, so it’s hard to tell whether differences are due to aging (age effects) or cohort (generational) differences.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Longitudinal: Longitudinal studies follow the sameindividuals over time to observe change; Dr. Morgan is comparing different age groups at one time, not following the same people.
B. Cross-sectional: cross-sectional studies compare different age/cohort groups at a single point in time (e.g., twenty-year-olds vs forty-year-olds) to assess age differences.
C. Cross-sequential: Cross-sequential (cohort-sequential) combines cross-sectional and longitudinal elements by following multiple cohorts over time; Dr. Morgan’s design as described is not doing that.
D. Experimental: Experimental implies manipulation of an independent variable and random assignment; Dr. Morgan is surveying/comparing groups, not manipulating variables.
E. Observational: Partially true (cross-sectional studies are observational), but this choice is too general - the specific correct label for comparing two age groups at one time is “cross-sectional.”
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