Which of the following is a commonly used medication for the acute treatment of migraines?

Sumatriptan

Atorvastatin

Metformin

Lisinopril

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A: "Sumatriptan." Sumatriptan is a selective serotonin receptor agonist (triptan) used for the acute treatment of migraines. It acts by stimulating serotonin (5-HT) receptors in the brain, specifically the 5-HT_1B and 5-HT_1D subtypes. This action causes vasoconstriction of dilated intracranial blood vessels and inhibits the release of pro-inflammatory neuropeptides, effectively reducing headache pain and associated symptoms such as nausea and photophobia. Sumatriptan can be administered via oral, subcutaneous, or nasal spray routes and is generally well-tolerated, with a rapid onset of action.
B: "Atorvastatin." Atorvastatin is a lipid-lowering agent belonging to the statin class, primarily used to decrease low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. It functions by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme involved in cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver. Atorvastatin does not have a role in migraine treatment and is not indicated for this purpose.
C: "Metformin." Metformin is an oral hypoglycemic agent used in the management of type 2 diabetes. It works by decreasing hepatic glucose production and improving insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues. Metformin is not indicated for migraine treatment and has no known effect on migraine pathophysiology.
D: "Lisinopril." Lisinopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used primarily for the management of hypertension and heart failure. It works by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, resulting in vasodilation and reduced blood pressure. While lisinopril may have some preventative effects for migraines in certain patients, it is not used for acute migraine treatment.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Sertraline. Sertraline is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. While it can cause mild cognitive effects such as drowsiness, it is not a common cause of delirium, especially in clients who have been using it long-term.
B. Antihistamines. First-generation antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine) have anticholinergic effects, which can lead to confusion, sedation, and delirium, particularly in older adults. While they can contribute to delirium, benzodiazepines are a more frequent and well-documented cause.
C. Benzodiazepines. Benzodiazepines (e.g., lorazepam, diazepam, alprazolam) are a major cause of delirium, especially in older adults and hospitalized clients. They can cause excessive sedation, confusion, and impaired cognition, leading to acute delirium. Clients at risk for delirium should have benzodiazepine use minimized or avoided whenever possible.
D. Amphetamines. Amphetamines (e.g., Adderall, methamphetamine) can cause agitation, psychosis, and confusion, but they are not a primary cause of delirium. Stimulants typically cause hyperactivity rather than the fluctuating attention and disorientation seen in delirium.

A. Sporting accidents B. Gunshot wounds C. Motor vehicle accidents D. Falls

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Sporting accidents. While sports-related injuries, such as those from diving or contact sports, can cause spinal cord injuries (SCIs), they are more common in younger individuals. In older adults, decreased participation in high-risk sports makes this an unlikely primary cause of SCIs.
B. Gunshot wounds. Gunshot wounds can lead to penetrating spinal injuries, but they are not a leading cause of SCIs in individuals aged 65 years and older. SCIs due to violence-related incidents are more common in younger populations.
C. Motor vehicle accidents. Motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) are a leading cause of SCIs in younger adults but are less common than falls in older adults. Age-related changes, such as slower reaction times and decreased coordination, increase the risk of accidents, but falls remain the most frequent cause in this age group.
D. Falls. Falls are the most common cause of spinal cord injuries in adults aged 65 years and older. Age-related osteoporosis, muscle weakness, impaired balance, and reduced vision increase the risk of falls. Older adults are particularly susceptible to vertebral fractures and spinal trauma from even minor falls, making this the leading cause of SCIs in this age group.

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Which of the following is a commonly used medication for the acute treatment of migraines?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is reviewing the medical record of a client who is experiencing delirium. Which of the following medications should the nurse identify as a cause of this disorder?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A nurse is teaching a group of nursing students about spinal cord injuries in clients who are aged 65 years and older. Which of the following should the nurse identify as the most common cause of spinal cord injuries for this age group?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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A nurse is assessing a client who has a suspected diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Which of the following questions should the nurse ask the client?

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A nurse is teaching a client who is newly diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and their family about newly prescribed medications for Alzheimer's disease. Which statement by the client indicates the teaching was effective?

Which type of headache would the nurse suspect when the headaches are unilateral and throbbing, preceded by a premonitory symptom of photophobia, and associated with a family history?

The wife of a patient who has deterioration in memory asks the nurse whether her husband has Alzheimer's Disease. The nurse explains that a diagnosis of AD is usually made when what happens?

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