Which of the following is not normally found in plasma?
Glycogen.
Fibrinogen.
Glucose.
Urea.
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A rationale
Glycogen is the storage form of glucose, primarily found within cells, particularly liver and muscle cells, as a readily accessible energy reserve. It is a polysaccharide, and its presence in plasma is not typical because glucose is the primary circulating carbohydrate, maintained at a narrow homeostatic range (normal fasting plasma glucose: 70-99 mg/dL or 3.9-5.5 mmol/L) for cellular energy.
Choice B rationale
Fibrinogen is a soluble plasma protein synthesized by the liver, crucial for hemostasis. Upon activation by thrombin, it polymerizes into insoluble fibrin strands, forming the structural meshwork of a blood clot, essential for stopping bleeding. Its normal concentration in plasma is approximately 200-400 mg/dL.
Choice C rationale
Glucose is a monosaccharide, the body's main source of energy, and is transported in the plasma to cells throughout the body for metabolic processes. Its concentration is tightly regulated by hormones like insulin and glucagon to ensure adequate cellular fuel while preventing hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia.
Choice D rationale
Urea is a metabolic waste product derived from the breakdown of proteins, specifically from the deamination of amino acids in the liver. It is transported in the plasma to the kidneys for excretion in urine, playing a vital role in nitrogenous waste elimination. Normal blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels range from 7-20 mg/dL.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice D rationale
Hyposecretion, or inadequate hormone release, can indeed result from a combination of factors. Tumors or lesions directly destroying glandular tissue (primary hyposecretion), interference with the gland's ability to receive stimulating signals (secondary hyposecretion), or inadequate trophic hormone stimulation from a higher center all lead to insufficient hormone production.
Choice A rationale
Tumors or lesions that destroy an endocrine gland directly impair its ability to synthesize and secrete hormones, leading to primary hyposecretion. For example, damage to pancreatic islet cells can cause insufficient insulin production, leading to diabetes mellitus.
Choice B rationale
Tumors or lesions that interfere with a gland's ability to receive signals from another gland, such as the pituitary, result in secondary hyposecretion. If the adrenal cortex cannot respond to ACTH due to receptor damage, it will not produce sufficient corticosteroids.
Choice C rationale
Inadequate stimulation of the gland, such as insufficient release of a trophic hormone from the pituitary or hypothalamus, leads to insufficient hormone production. For example, if the pituitary does not release enough TSH, the thyroid gland will exhibit hyposecretion of thyroid hormones.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Oxygen-poor blood, returning from the systemic circulation, enters the right atrium, passes through the right AV (tricuspid) valve into the right ventricle, and then is pumped through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery, leading to the lungs for oxygenation. Both valves are involved in this pathway.
Choice B rationale
The right AV (tricuspid) valve allows blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle. However, oxygen-poor blood must also pass through the pulmonary valve to exit the right ventricle and reach the pulmonary circulation. Therefore, only stating the tricuspid valve is incomplete.
Choice C rationale
The left AV (mitral) valve and aortic valve are on the left side of the heart. The left side handles oxygenated blood returning from the lungs, pumping it into the systemic circulation. Therefore, oxygen-poor blood does not pass through these valves.
Choice D rationale
The left AV (mitral) valve regulates blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. This valve is involved with oxygenated blood, not oxygen-poor blood. Thus, it is incorrect to include it in the pathway for deoxygenated blood.
Choice E rationale
The pulmonary valve allows oxygen-poor blood to exit the right ventricle, while the aortic valve allows oxygenated blood to exit the left ventricle. Therefore, stating both pulmonary and aortic valves for oxygen-poor blood is incorrect, as the aortic valve handles oxygenated blood.
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