Pericardial fluid is found between the:
Visceral layer of the serous pericardium; myocardium.
Visceral layer of the serous pericardium; epicardium.
Parietal layer of the serous pericardium; visceral layer of the serous pericardium.
Myocardium; endocardium.
Epicardium; myocardium.
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A rationale
The visceral layer of the serous pericardium, also known as the epicardium, directly covers the myocardium. Pericardial fluid is not found between these two layers, as they are essentially continuous. The fluid reduces friction between the moving surfaces.
Choice B rationale
The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is the epicardium. Therefore, stating that pericardial fluid is found between the visceral layer and the epicardium is redundant and incorrect, as they represent the same anatomical structure. Pericardial fluid facilitates frictionless movement.
Choice C rationale
Pericardial fluid is a serous fluid found within the pericardial cavity. This cavity is a potential space situated between the parietal layer of the serous pericardium, which lines the fibrous pericardium, and the visceral layer of the serous pericardium (epicardium), which adheres to the heart's surface. This fluid lubricates the heart, allowing it to beat without friction.
Choice D rationale
The myocardium is the muscular layer of the heart wall, and the endocardium is the innermost layer lining the heart chambers. There is no fluid-filled space between the myocardium and endocardium; these layers are contiguous components of the heart wall.
Choice E rationale
The epicardium is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium, and the myocardium is the muscular wall of the heart. These two layers are directly adjacent, with the epicardium forming the outer covering of the myocardium. Pericardial fluid is external to the epicardium.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A rationale
The mitral valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle. The pulmonary valve is between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. Therefore, the mitral valve opening and pulmonary valve closing do not directly correlate with left ventricular contraction in this manner.
Choice B rationale
The right AV valve (tricuspid valve) is located between the right atrium and right ventricle. When the left ventricle contracts, it is not directly involved with the right AV valve or the pulmonary valve in this specific coordinated sequence.
Choice C rationale
The right AV valve (tricuspid valve) is in the right side of the heart, controlling blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle. The aortic valve is on the left side of the heart. These two valves do not coordinate in this manner during left ventricular contraction.
Choice D rationale
When the left ventricle contracts during systole, the pressure within the ventricle rises. This increased pressure pushes open the aortic valve, allowing blood to be ejected into the aorta. Simultaneously, the increased ventricular pressure forces the mitral (bicuspid) valve to close, preventing blood from flowing backward into the left atrium.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A rationale
The kidney is not traditionally classified as a primary endocrine gland because its main function is waste filtration and fluid balance. However, it plays a significant endocrine role by producing erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell production, and renin, which is crucial for blood pressure regulation via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Choice B rationale
The pancreas is a dual-function gland, possessing both exocrine (digestive enzymes) and endocrine (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin) functions. Its endocrine role involves regulating blood glucose levels, making it a primary endocrine gland.
Choice C rationale
The thyroid gland is a classic endocrine gland that produces thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), vital for regulating metabolism, growth, and development. It is directly regulated by TSH from the pituitary gland.
Choice D rationale
The parathyroid glands are endocrine glands located near the thyroid, primarily responsible for secreting parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH plays a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphate homeostasis in the blood.
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