Pericardial fluid is found between the:
Visceral layer of the serous pericardium; myocardium.
Visceral layer of the serous pericardium; epicardium.
Parietal layer of the serous pericardium; visceral layer of the serous pericardium.
Myocardium; endocardium.
Epicardium; myocardium.
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A rationale
The visceral layer of the serous pericardium, also known as the epicardium, directly covers the myocardium. Pericardial fluid is not found between these two layers, as they are essentially continuous. The fluid reduces friction between the moving surfaces.
Choice B rationale
The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is the epicardium. Therefore, stating that pericardial fluid is found between the visceral layer and the epicardium is redundant and incorrect, as they represent the same anatomical structure. Pericardial fluid facilitates frictionless movement.
Choice C rationale
Pericardial fluid is a serous fluid found within the pericardial cavity. This cavity is a potential space situated between the parietal layer of the serous pericardium, which lines the fibrous pericardium, and the visceral layer of the serous pericardium (epicardium), which adheres to the heart's surface. This fluid lubricates the heart, allowing it to beat without friction.
Choice D rationale
The myocardium is the muscular layer of the heart wall, and the endocardium is the innermost layer lining the heart chambers. There is no fluid-filled space between the myocardium and endocardium; these layers are contiguous components of the heart wall.
Choice E rationale
The epicardium is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium, and the myocardium is the muscular wall of the heart. These two layers are directly adjacent, with the epicardium forming the outer covering of the myocardium. Pericardial fluid is external to the epicardium.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Natural active immunity occurs when an individual's immune system produces its own antibodies and memory cells after direct exposure to a pathogen through natural infection. Vaccination, while stimulating an active response, is not considered "natural" exposure.
Choice B rationale
Artificial active immunity is stimulated by vaccination. Vaccines introduce weakened, inactivated, or components of pathogens into the body, prompting the immune system to produce its own antibodies and memory cells without causing the disease, thereby conferring long-term protection.
Choice C rationale
Natural passive immunity involves the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another, such as from mother to fetus via the placenta or through breast milk. This provides immediate but temporary protection and does not stimulate the recipient's immune system to produce its own antibodies.
Choice D rationale
Artificial passive immunity involves the direct administration of pre-formed antibodies (e.g., antitoxins, immunoglobulins) to an individual. This provides immediate, temporary protection and is used for acute exposures or in immunocompromised individuals; it does not stimulate active immunity.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A rationale
The inferior vena cava is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium of the heart. It is typically positioned posterior to the aorta and enters the heart inferiorly, collecting blood from the lower extremities and abdominal organs, and its walls are thinner and less muscular compared to arterial structures.
Choice B rationale
The superior vena cava is a large vein that transports deoxygenated blood from the upper body, including the head, neck, and upper limbs, to the right atrium of the heart. It is situated anterior and to the right of the aorta in the mediastinum, and its venous structure distinguishes it from the thick-walled arterial vessels.
Choice C rationale
The aorta is the largest artery in the body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and extending down to the abdomen, where it branches into smaller arteries. Its thick, elastic walls are crucial for withstanding high pressure from systemic circulation and maintaining blood flow to all body tissues.
Choice D rationale
The pulmonary artery is a large artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs. Unlike other arteries, it carries deoxygenated blood, a key distinction. It branches extensively within the lungs to facilitate gas exchange, and its pressure is considerably lower than the systemic arterial pressure.
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