________ lacks the capacity to remember a pathogen or react differently to it in the future, whereas ________ utilizes memory cells to adapt to a given pathogen and ward it off more easily in the future.
Innate immunity; cytotoxicity.
Adaptive immunity; innate immunity.
A natural killer cell; a macrophage.
Innate immunity; adaptive immunity.
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A rationale
Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense, providing immediate, non-specific protection without prior exposure. Cytotoxicity refers to the ability of certain immune cells, like natural killer cells, to kill target cells, but it is not a distinct form of immunity that "remembers" pathogens.
Choice B rationale
Adaptive immunity is characterized by its specificity and immunological memory, meaning it learns and remembers specific pathogens. Innate immunity, however, does not possess memory; its responses are always the same regardless of previous exposure.
Choice C rationale
A natural killer cell is a component of innate immunity, providing non-specific cytotoxicity against infected or cancerous cells without prior sensitization. A macrophage is a phagocytic cell involved in both innate and adaptive immunity, but neither specifically represents the "memory" aspect of adaptive immunity in this context.
Choice D rationale
Innate immunity provides immediate, non-specific defense mechanisms against pathogens, but it lacks immunological memory, meaning it responds identically to repeated exposures. In contrast, adaptive immunity, also known as acquired immunity, develops memory cells that allow for a faster, stronger, and more specific response upon subsequent encounters with the same pathogen.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is E
Explanation
Choice A rationale
The spleen is primarily involved in filtering blood, removing old red blood cells, and housing immune cells. While it plays a role in blood storage and immune responses, it is not a primary site for the synthesis of most clotting factors, which are complex proteins.
Choice B rationale
Red bone marrow is the primary site of hematopoiesis, the production of all blood cells, including platelets, erythrocytes, and leukocytes. However, it does not synthesize most of the plasma clotting factors; rather, it produces the cellular components involved in coagulation.
Choice C rationale
Perivascular tissue surrounds blood vessels and contains various cell types, including fibroblasts and adipocytes. While these tissues can contribute to local inflammatory responses or tissue repair, they are not major sites for the systemic synthesis of plasma clotting factors.
Choice D rationale
The kidneys play a vital role in blood filtration, waste excretion, and regulation of blood pressure and erythropoiesis (via erythropoietin). However, the kidneys do not synthesize the majority of the plasma clotting factors required for hemostasis.
Choice E rationale
The liver is the primary site for the synthesis of most plasma clotting factors, including fibrinogen, prothrombin, and factors V, VII, IX, X, and others. Hepatocytes in the liver are responsible for the complex protein synthesis required for the coagulation cascade, making it critical for hemostasis.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A rationale
While the immune response originates in specific organs like the thymus, bone marrow, and lymph nodes, this statement describes the origin of immune cells and processes, not the fundamental characteristic of specificity, which relates to targeting particular antigens.
Choice B rationale
Similar to Choice A, the immune response involves specialized tissues throughout the body, such as lymphoid tissues. However, this describes the anatomical distribution of the immune system rather than the core principle of specificity in recognizing unique pathogens.
Choice C rationale
The immune response is indeed carried out by specific groups of cells, such as B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes, which have specialized functions. However, while these cells contribute to specificity, the most direct definition of specificity in immunity is the targeted response against a particular pathogen or antigen.
Choice D rationale
Specificity in immunity means that the immune system's response is highly targeted and precise. Each specific B and T lymphocyte is programmed to recognize and respond to a particular epitope (a specific molecular structure) on a pathogen, ensuring that the immune response is directed only against the invading microbe.
Choice E rationale
The immune response involves specialized tissues. However, this statement focuses on the location rather than the fundamental characteristic of specificity, which refers to the precise recognition and targeting of a particular pathogen or antigen by immune cells.
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