________ lacks the capacity to remember a pathogen or react differently to it in the future, whereas ________ utilizes memory cells to adapt to a given pathogen and ward it off more easily in the future.

Choice A rationale

The radial artery is a major artery in the forearm, running along the thumb side. It is a common site for pulse palpation and arterial blood gas sampling due to its superficial location. However, it typically terminates by contributing to the deep palmar arch, not forming the superficial palmar arch directly.

Choice B rationale

The superficial palmar arch is a vascular arcade formed primarily by the superficial branch of the ulnar artery, with a contribution from the radial artery. This arch is located just beneath the palmar aponeurosis and gives rise to the common digital arteries, supplying blood to the fingers.

Choice C rationale

Common digital arteries originate from the superficial palmar arch and run distally along the metacarpals. They then bifurcate into proper digital arteries, which supply the individual digits. These are branches of the arch, not the arch itself.

Choice D rationale

The brachial artery is a continuation of the axillary artery and is the main arterial supply to the arm. It typically bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries in the cubital fossa, well before reaching the hand to form palmar arches.

Choice E rationale

The ulnar artery is the larger terminal branch of the brachial artery, descending along the medial side of the forearm. Its superficial branch is the primary contributor to the superficial palmar arch, making it a key vessel in the hand's vascular supply.

Choice A rationale

Glycogen is the storage form of glucose, primarily found within cells, particularly liver and muscle cells, as a readily accessible energy reserve. It is a polysaccharide, and its presence in plasma is not typical because glucose is the primary circulating carbohydrate, maintained at a narrow homeostatic range (normal fasting plasma glucose: 70-99 mg/dL or 3.9-5.5 mmol/L) for cellular energy.

Choice B rationale

Fibrinogen is a soluble plasma protein synthesized by the liver, crucial for hemostasis. Upon activation by thrombin, it polymerizes into insoluble fibrin strands, forming the structural meshwork of a blood clot, essential for stopping bleeding. Its normal concentration in plasma is approximately 200-400 mg/dL.

Choice C rationale

Glucose is a monosaccharide, the body's main source of energy, and is transported in the plasma to cells throughout the body for metabolic processes. Its concentration is tightly regulated by hormones like insulin and glucagon to ensure adequate cellular fuel while preventing hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia.

Choice D rationale

Urea is a metabolic waste product derived from the breakdown of proteins, specifically from the deamination of amino acids in the liver. It is transported in the plasma to the kidneys for excretion in urine, playing a vital role in nitrogenous waste elimination. Normal blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels range from 7-20 mg/dL.