Which patient(s) would be able to take an alpha-adrenergic decongestant safely? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

A. Instruct the client to use a pursed-lip breathing technique.

Pursed-lip breathing is a technique commonly used to help relieve dyspnea, particularly in individuals with COPD. This technique involves breathing in through the nose and exhaling slowly through pursed lips, which helps to prolong exhalation, reduce airway collapse, and improve oxygen exchange. While pursed-lip breathing can be beneficial, it should not be the priority action when the client reports difficulty breathing. Before initiating any breathing techniques, the nurse should first assess the client's respiratory status to determine the severity of the breathing difficulty and whether additional interventions are necessary.

B. Evaluate the client's respiratory status.

This is the correct priority action in this scenario. When a client with COPD reports difficulty breathing, the nurse's first step should be to thoroughly assess the client's respiratory status. This assessment involves evaluating respiratory rate, depth, effort, oxygen saturation levels, auscultating lung sounds, and assessing for signs of respiratory distress. By conducting a comprehensive assessment, the nurse can determine the severity of the client's symptoms, identify any potential exacerbating factors or complications, and make informed decisions regarding appropriate interventions.

C. Increase the oxygen flow to 3 L/min.

While increasing the oxygen flow may be a consideration if the client's oxygen saturation is low, it should not be the immediate priority without first assessing the client's respiratory status. Increasing oxygen flow without proper assessment could potentially worsen hypercapnia in some COPD patients and may not address the underlying cause of the client's difficulty breathing. Therefore, this action should be based on assessment findings rather than being the initial response.

D. Have the client cough and expectorate secretions.

Coughing and expectorating secretions can be helpful in clearing the airways and improving breathing in individuals with COPD, especially if secretions are contributing to the difficulty breathing. However, similar to the pursed-lip breathing technique, this action should not be the priority without first assessing the client's respiratory status. The nurse should determine whether secretions are indeed present and causing the difficulty breathing before instructing the client to cough and expectorate. Therefore, this option should follow a thorough respiratory assessment.

A. Auscultate breath sounds at least every 2 hours.

Regularly auscultating breath sounds is important for assessing respiratory status and detecting any signs of respiratory complications such as pneumonia or atelectasis. However, it is not the priority action in this scenario compared to applying antiembolic stockings, which directly addresses the increased risk of DVT and PE associated with immobility.

B. Perform range-of-motion exercises at least two to three times daily.

Range-of-motion exercises help prevent contractures and maintain joint mobility in immobile clients. While they are important for preventing musculoskeletal complications, they are not the priority action compared to applying antiembolic stockings, which directly addresses the increased risk of DVT and PE associated with immobility.

C. Make sure the client has an intake of 2,000 to 3,000 mL of fluid per day.

Maintaining adequate hydration is important for overall health and prevention of complications such as urinary tract infections and constipation. However, it is not the priority action in this scenario compared to applying antiembolic stockings, which directly addresses the increased risk of DVT and PE associated with immobility.

D. Apply antiembolic stockings.

The priority action for the nurse to contribute to the plan of care for an immobile client is to apply antiembolic stockings. Immobility increases the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and subsequent pulmonary embolism (PE). Antiembolic stockings (also known as compression stockings or TED stockings) help prevent venous stasis and decrease the risk of blood clots forming in the lower extremities. Therefore, applying antiembolic stockings is essential in mitigating the risk of potentially life-threatening complications associated with immobility.