Which signs and symptoms characterize expressive aphasia?

Difficulty initiating speech

Difficulty understanding the written and spoken word

Total inability to communicate

Stuttering and spitting

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A. Difficulty initiating speech

This is a characteristic symptom of expressive aphasia. Individuals with expressive aphasia have difficulty initiating speech and may produce speech that is slow, effortful, and lacking in grammatical structure.

B. Difficulty understanding the written and spoken word

This symptom is not typically associated with expressive aphasia. Instead, difficulty understanding language, both written and spoken, is more commonly seen in receptive aphasia, also known as Wernicke's aphasia.

C. Total inability to communicate

While expressive aphasia can severely impair verbal communication, it does not result in a total inability to communicate. Individuals with expressive aphasia may still be able to communicate to some extent using nonverbal means, gestures, or writing.

D. Stuttering and spitting

Stuttering and spitting are not characteristic symptoms of expressive aphasia. Stuttering is a speech disorder characterized by interruptions in the flow of speech, while spitting is not typically associated with aphasia.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Nystagmus:

Nystagmus is an involuntary, rhythmic movement of the eyes, which can be rapid and jerky. It is a common neurological manifestation of phenytoin toxicity. Patients experiencing phenytoin toxicity may exhibit horizontal or vertical nystagmus, which can be detected upon physical examination.

B. Strabismus:

Strabismus, also known as crossed eyes or squint, refers to a misalignment of the eyes. While strabismus can have various causes, it is not typically associated with phenytoin toxicity. Therefore, it is less likely to indicate phenytoin toxicity compared to nystagmus.

C. Blurry vision:

Blurry vision, or visual disturbances, can occur in patients experiencing phenytoin toxicity. However, it is a non-specific symptom and can be observed in various other conditions as well. Patients with phenytoin toxicity may experience blurry vision, double vision (diplopia), or other visual disturbances due to the effects of the medication on the central nervous system.

D. Amblyopia:

Amblyopia, also known as lazy eye, is a condition characterized by reduced vision in one or both eyes. It is typically associated with visual development during childhood and is not directly related to phenytoin toxicity. Therefore, it is less likely to indicate phenytoin toxicity compared to nystagmus or other neurological manifestations.

A. B6 B. A C. E D. K E. C

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. B6 (Pyridoxine):

Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, is known to reduce the therapeutic effects of levodopa. It competes with levodopa for absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and can decrease the amount of levodopa that reaches the brain, thereby diminishing its effectiveness in treating Parkinson's disease symptoms.

B. A (Retinol):

Vitamin A, also known as retinol, is not typically associated with reducing the therapeutic effects of levodopa. Vitamin A plays important roles in vision, immune function, and cellular communication, but it does not interact with levodopa in a way that affects its therapeutic efficacy.

C. E (Alpha-Tocopherol):

Vitamin E, also known as alpha-tocopherol, is an antioxidant that plays a role in protecting cells from oxidative damage. While vitamin E supplementation is sometimes used in Parkinson's disease management for its potential neuroprotective effects, it is not known to reduce the therapeutic effects of levodopa.

D. K (Phylloquinone):

Vitamin K, also known as phylloquinone, is primarily involved in blood clotting and bone metabolism. It does not interact with levodopa in a way that reduces its therapeutic effects.

E. C (Ascorbic Acid):

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is not known to reduce the therapeutic effects of levodopa. While vitamin C has various roles in the body, including antioxidant activity and immune function support, it does not interfere with levodopa absorption or efficacy.

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Which signs and symptoms characterize expressive aphasia?

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