Which term describes the inflammatory mediator released during the early phase of type 1 hypersensitivity response causing immediate bronchoconstriction and vasodilation?

Choice A reason: Hyperplasia is not the best term because it is a condition where the number of cells in a tissue or organ increases, which can be caused by various factors, such as hormones, inflammation, or stress. Hyperplasia does not involve the change of cell type, but the increase of cell number.

Choice B reason: Metaplasia is the best term because it is a condition where the type of cells in a tissue or organ changes, usually in response to chronic irritation or injury. Metaplasia involves the replacement of one type of cell with another type of cell that is more resistant to the harmful stimulus, but less specialized in function. Metaplasia can occur in the bronchi, which are the airways that branch from the trachea to the lungs, and are normally lined with ciliated columnar cells, which are cells that have hair-like projections that help to move mucus and foreign particles out of the respiratory tract. Metaplasia can replace the ciliated columnar cells with stratified squamous epithelial cells, which are cells that have multiple layers and a flat shape, and are more durable, but less effective in clearing the airways.

Choice C reason: Neoplasia is not the best term because it is a condition where the growth of cells in a tissue or organ is abnormal and uncontrolled, which can result in the formation of tumors, which are masses of abnormal cells that can be benign or malignant. Neoplasia does not involve the change of cell type, but the abnormal proliferation of cells.

Choice D reason: Dysplasia is not the best term because it is a condition where the shape, size, and organization of cells in a tissue or organ are abnormal, which can be caused by various factors, such as chronic inflammation, infection, or precancerous changes. Dysplasia does not involve the change of cell type, but the alteration of cell morphology and arrangement.

Choice A reason: Hepatomegaly is not the expected finding because it is a condition where the liver is enlarged, which can be caused by various factors, such as infections, tumors, or cirrhosis. Hepatomegaly is not a common manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus, which is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and damage to various organs and tissues in the body.

Choice B reason: Abdominal cramping pain is not the expected finding because it is a symptom that can be caused by various conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome, appendicitis, or diverticulitis. Abdominal cramping pain is not a specific manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus, although some clients may experience abdominal discomfort due to gastritis, pancreatitis, or peritonitis, which are possible complications of the disease.

Choice C reason: Whitish patches on the tongue are not the expected finding because they are a sign of oral candidiasis, which is a fungal infection that affects the mouth and throat. Oral candidiasis can be caused by various factors, such as weakened immune system, antibiotic use, or diabetes. Oral candidiasis is not a typical manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus, although some clients may have oral ulcers, which are painful sores that appear on the lips, gums, or tongue.

Choice D reason: Arthritis with papular rash is the expected finding because it is a characteristic manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus, which affects the joints and the skin. Arthritis is a condition where the joints are inflamed, causing pain, stiffness, and swelling. Arthritis can affect any joint in the body, but it is more common in the hands, wrists, and knees. Papular rash is a type of skin rash that consists of small, raised bumps that are red or purple. Papular rash can appear on any part of the body, but it is more common on the face, especially on the cheeks and the bridge of the nose. Papular rash is also known as malar rash or butterfly rash, because of its shape and location.