Which term describes the inflammatory mediator released during the early phase of type 1 hypersensitivity response causing immediate bronchoconstriction and vasodilation?

Choice A reason: Hyperplasia is not the best term because it is a condition where the number of cells in a tissue or organ increases, which can be caused by various factors, such as hormones, inflammation, or stress. Hyperplasia does not involve the change of cell type, but the increase of cell number.

Choice B reason: Metaplasia is the best term because it is a condition where the type of cells in a tissue or organ changes, usually in response to chronic irritation or injury. Metaplasia involves the replacement of one type of cell with another type of cell that is more resistant to the harmful stimulus, but less specialized in function. Metaplasia can occur in the bronchi, which are the airways that branch from the trachea to the lungs, and are normally lined with ciliated columnar cells, which are cells that have hair-like projections that help to move mucus and foreign particles out of the respiratory tract. Metaplasia can replace the ciliated columnar cells with stratified squamous epithelial cells, which are cells that have multiple layers and a flat shape, and are more durable, but less effective in clearing the airways.

Choice C reason: Neoplasia is not the best term because it is a condition where the growth of cells in a tissue or organ is abnormal and uncontrolled, which can result in the formation of tumors, which are masses of abnormal cells that can be benign or malignant. Neoplasia does not involve the change of cell type, but the abnormal proliferation of cells.

Choice D reason: Dysplasia is not the best term because it is a condition where the shape, size, and organization of cells in a tissue or organ are abnormal, which can be caused by various factors, such as chronic inflammation, infection, or precancerous changes. Dysplasia does not involve the change of cell type, but the alteration of cell morphology and arrangement.

Choice A reason: Uric acid is the most common type of renal calculi in clients with gout because it is a condition where the blood has a high level of uric acid, which is a waste product that results from the breakdown of purines, which are substances found in some foods and drinks, such as meat, seafood, and beer. Uric acid can form crystals in the joints, causing inflammation and pain, which is known as gout. Uric acid can also form crystals in the urine, causing kidney stones, which are hard deposits of minerals and salts that can block the urinary tract and cause symptoms such as severe pain, blood in the urine, nausea, and fever.

Choice B reason: Struvite is not the most common type of renal calculi in clients with gout because it is a condition where the urine has a high level of ammonia, which is a chemical that results from the breakdown of urea, which is a waste product that is produced by the liver and excreted by the kidneys. Ammonia can form crystals in the urine, along with magnesium, phosphate, and carbonate, creating struvite stones, which are large and staghorn-shaped stones that can fill the entire kidney or the ureter. Struvite stones are usually associated with urinary tract infections, which are caused by bacteria that produce enzymes that increase the urine pH and the ammonia level.

Choice C reason: Cystine is not the most common type of renal calculi in clients with gout because it is a condition where the urine has a high level of cystine, which is an amino acid that is a building block of proteins. Cystine can form crystals in the urine, causing kidney stones, which are rare and hereditary. Cystine stones are caused by a genetic disorder that affects the transport of cystine and other amino acids in the kidneys, resulting in excessive excretion of cystine in the urine.

Choice D reason: Calcium oxalate is not the most common type of renal calculi in clients with gout because it is a condition where the urine has a high level of calcium and oxalate, which are substances that are normally present in the diet and the body. Calcium and oxalate can form crystals in the urine, causing kidney stones, which are the most common type of kidney stones in the general population, but not in clients with gout. Calcium oxalate stones can be caused by various factors, such as dehydration, high intake of animal protein, low intake of fluids, and certain medications.