While a study is in progress that is designed to analyze the effects of three types of assistive devices used by clients with Parkinson's disease when ambulating, a new walker is introduced to the market and several of the subjects begin using the new walker.
Based on this occurrence, which statement is accurate?
A measurement error has occurred and a new sample should be obtained for the study using a double-blind approach to enhance randomization.
Manipulation of the dependent variable poses a threat to the external validity of the study, so inferences from the study are applicable to the sample only.
A threat to the internal validity of the study has occurred because a factor outside those examined may have affected the outcome or dependent variable.
Because a selection bias has occurred, inferences made from the analysis of findings cannot be applied to the entire Parkinson's population at large.
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A rationale:
A measurement error does not seem to be the primary issue in this scenario. While improving randomization through a double-blind approach can enhance the study's internal validity, the core problem here is not a measurement error but the introduction of a new walker, which could introduce confounding variables.
Choice B rationale:
While manipulation of the dependent variable can indeed pose a threat to external validity, it is not the primary concern in this case. The primary issue is the potential for confounding due to the introduction of a new walker, which affects the study's internal validity.
Choice C rationale:
This is the correct answer. The introduction of a new walker is an external factor that was not controlled for in the study. It can introduce confounding variables that affect the study's internal validity. Therefore, a threat to internal validity has occurred.
Choice D rationale:
Selection bias is not the primary issue here. The primary concern is the introduction of a new walker affecting the study's internal validity. Selection bias pertains to the process of selecting subjects and does not directly address the impact of the new walker on the study's validity.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A rationale:
Interviewing clients to determine if they remembered concepts taught preoperatively does not represent the first step in identifying previous research studies. It focuses on assessing the retention of teaching rather than reviewing existing literature.
Choice B rationale:
Reading full-text articles in nursing journals about designing client teaching sessions is valuable but not the first step in identifying previous research studies. It focuses on teaching session design rather than the literature review process.
Choice C rationale:
Asking orthopedic surgeons about topics to cover preoperatively with clients is a form of expert consultation but does not represent the first step in identifying previous research studies. It involves seeking expert input rather than reviewing existing literature.
Choice D rationale:
This is the correct answer. Reviewing research abstracts on preoperative teaching with a similar client population is typically the first step in conducting a literature review. It allows the nurse to identify relevant research studies that have investigated the effectiveness of preoperative teaching in a similar context.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A rationale:
The description of snowball sampling does not involve stratified random sampling based on whether women reported having postpartum depression. Snowball sampling relies on initial participants referring or recruiting additional participants who meet the criteria. Stratified sampling is a different sampling method.
Choice B rationale:
This is the correct answer. Snowball sampling involves participants who have experienced postpartum depression volunteering and referring others. It relies on a chain-referral process where participants recruit additional participants, which is typical in qualitative research to identify individuals with specific experiences.
Choice C rationale:
While volunteers did agree to participate, the key aspect of snowball sampling is the referral process, where existing participants refer others who meet the criteria. It is not based solely on volunteers learning about others being interviewed.
Choice D rationale:
Listing postpartum clients sequentially and selecting every 4th client does not describe snowball sampling. This approach is more characteristic of systematic or stratified sampling methods, where participants are selected based on predetermined criteria or a specific sampling interval.
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