While a study is in progress that is designed to analyze the effects of three types of assistive devices used by clients with Parkinson's disease when ambulating, a new walker is introduced to the market and several of the subjects begin using the new walker.
Based on this occurrence, which statement is accurate?
A measurement error has occurred and a new sample should be obtained for the study using a double-blind approach to enhance randomization.
Manipulation of the dependent variable poses a threat to the external validity of the study, so inferences from the study are applicable to the sample only.
A threat to the internal validity of the study has occurred because a factor outside those examined may have affected the outcome or dependent variable.
Because a selection bias has occurred, inferences made from the analysis of findings cannot be applied to the entire Parkinson's population at large.
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A rationale:
A measurement error does not seem to be the primary issue in this scenario. While improving randomization through a double-blind approach can enhance the study's internal validity, the core problem here is not a measurement error but the introduction of a new walker, which could introduce confounding variables.
Choice B rationale:
While manipulation of the dependent variable can indeed pose a threat to external validity, it is not the primary concern in this case. The primary issue is the potential for confounding due to the introduction of a new walker, which affects the study's internal validity.
Choice C rationale:
This is the correct answer. The introduction of a new walker is an external factor that was not controlled for in the study. It can introduce confounding variables that affect the study's internal validity. Therefore, a threat to internal validity has occurred.
Choice D rationale:
Selection bias is not the primary issue here. The primary concern is the introduction of a new walker affecting the study's internal validity. Selection bias pertains to the process of selecting subjects and does not directly address the impact of the new walker on the study's validity.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A rationale:
Interviewing clients to determine if they remembered concepts taught preoperatively does not represent the first step in identifying previous research studies. It focuses on assessing the retention of teaching rather than reviewing existing literature.
Choice B rationale:
Reading full-text articles in nursing journals about designing client teaching sessions is valuable but not the first step in identifying previous research studies. It focuses on teaching session design rather than the literature review process.
Choice C rationale:
Asking orthopedic surgeons about topics to cover preoperatively with clients is a form of expert consultation but does not represent the first step in identifying previous research studies. It involves seeking expert input rather than reviewing existing literature.
Choice D rationale:
This is the correct answer. Reviewing research abstracts on preoperative teaching with a similar client population is typically the first step in conducting a literature review. It allows the nurse to identify relevant research studies that have investigated the effectiveness of preoperative teaching in a similar context.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A rationale:
Biased findings best describe the outcome of recalculating statistical computations to align with the researcher's personal belief system. Bias occurs when the researcher consciously or unconsciously manipulates data or statistical analyses to support a particular viewpoint, leading to results that are not objective or impartial. In this scenario, the nurse-researcher's dissatisfaction with the initial results and the recalculated computations suggest a potential bias in favor of their personal beliefs.
Choice B rationale:
Theoretical differentiation is not an appropriate term for describing the outcome of recalculating statistical computations. The term refers to distinguishing between different theoretical concepts or ideas, not the manipulation of data.
Choice C rationale:
Non-parametric data analysis is a statistical approach used when data do not meet the assumptions of parametric tests, such as normal distribution. It does not describe the outcome of bias or manipulation in data analysis.
Choice D rationale:
Secondary analysis typically refers to the re-analysis of existing data for a different research question or purpose. It does not specifically address the issue of bias in data analysis, as described in the scenario.
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