A 6-year-old was complaining of elbow pain.
The nurse will advise the patient to give which pain medication?

Choice A rationale

Beta-adrenergic blockers generally do not decrease urinary output. These drugs primarily act on the cardiovascular system by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors, which results in lowered heart rate and blood pressure. Their effects are less pronounced on the renal system unless specific agents with renal effects are used.

Choice B rationale

Beta-adrenergic blockers decrease the strength of heart muscle contraction (negative inotropic effect). By blocking beta receptors, they inhibit the stimulatory effects of catecholamines on the heart, reducing the force of myocardial contraction, which helps decrease oxygen demand and control angina symptoms.

Choice C rationale

Beta-adrenergic blockers typically decrease heart rate (negative chronotropic effect) rather than increase it. They inhibit beta-adrenergic receptors, which leads to a slower heart rate and can help manage conditions like angina by reducing myocardial oxygen consumption.

Choice D rationale

Beta-adrenergic blockers decrease oxygen consumption by reducing heart rate and the force of contraction. These effects lower myocardial oxygen demand, which is beneficial for patients with angina by preventing episodes triggered by increased oxygen needs.

Choice A rationale

Exhibiting the ability to provide self-care may not be realistic for a patient with advanced Alzheimer’s disease. Cognitive decline may impair their ability to perform daily activities independently, necessitating assistance from caregivers.

Choice B rationale

Improving memory for recent events is unlikely in advanced Alzheimer’s disease, as the condition typically involves progressive memory loss and cognitive decline. New medications may help manage symptoms, but reversing memory loss is not a realistic goal.

Choice C rationale

Receiving appropriate assistance for care needs is a realistic and achievable goal for patients with advanced Alzheimer’s disease. As the disease progresses, patients will require increasing levels of support to ensure their safety and well-being.

Choice D rationale

Demonstrating improved cognitive function is unlikely in advanced Alzheimer’s disease. While medications may help manage symptoms, the progressive nature of the disease means that cognitive decline will continue, and improvement is not a realistic expectation.