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A 65-year-old patient remarks that she just can't believe that her breasts "sag so much.”. She states it must be from a lack of exercise.
What explanation would the nurse offer her?

After menopause, the glandular and fat tissue atrophies, causing breast size and elasticity to diminish, resulting in breasts that sag.

After menopause, a diet that is high in protein will help maintain muscle mass, which keeps the breasts from sagging.

After menopause, sagging is usually due to decreased muscle mass within the breast.

After menopause, only women with large breasts experience sagging.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

Choice A rationale

After menopause, the ovaries significantly reduce estrogen and progesterone production. These hormones play a crucial role in maintaining the size and elasticity of breast tissue, including the glandular and fat components. With decreased hormonal support, these tissues atrophy, leading to a reduction in breast volume and a loss of skin elasticity, consequently causing the breasts to sag.

Choice B rationale

While adequate protein intake is essential for overall muscle health, including the pectoral muscles that lie beneath the breasts, it does not directly prevent the atrophy of glandular and fat tissue within the breasts that occurs due to hormonal changes after menopause. Therefore, a high-protein diet alone will not counteract breast sagging caused by these physiological changes.

Choice C rationale

The breasts themselves do not contain significant amounts of muscle tissue. The support for the breasts comes primarily from Cooper's ligaments, which are connective tissues, and the skin's elasticity. Sagging is mainly attributed to the weakening of these supportive structures and the atrophy of glandular and fat tissue after menopause, not a decrease in muscle mass within the breast.

Choice D rationale

Breast sagging after menopause is a common physiological change experienced by many women, regardless of their breast size. While larger breasts may appear to sag more noticeably due to their weight, the underlying cause is hormonal changes affecting tissue elasticity and volume, which occurs in women with all breast sizes.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A rationale

While it is important to inform the physician about the delay in the TPN solution, the immediate priority is to maintain the patency of the central venous catheter and prevent hypoglycemia. Calling the MD should occur after taking steps to address the immediate risk.

Choice B rationale

Giving the patient a high-protein snack will not address the immediate issue of the TPN running out and the risk of hypoglycemia associated with the abrupt cessation of a high-glucose solution. TPN provides a significant amount of glucose, and suddenly stopping it can lead to a drop in blood sugar.

Choice C rationale

Hanging a bag of 10% dextrose solution (D10W) is the most appropriate immediate action. This will provide a continuous source of glucose to prevent hypoglycemia while waiting for the new TPN bag from the pharmacy. D10W is often used as a bridge solution in this situation. Normal blood glucose levels are typically 70-110 mg/dL.

Choice D rationale

Flushing the line and waiting for the pharmacy to supply the next bag without infusing any solution puts the patient at significant risk for hypoglycemia and can also lead to catheter occlusion. Maintaining a continuous infusion, even of D10W, is crucial. .

A. Chicken, cheese, and grilled eggplant. B. Boiled eggs and chocolate milk. C. Oysters, yogurt, and turkey. D. Fish, milk, and poached eggs.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Choice A rationale

Chicken is poultry, and a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet excludes all meat, poultry, and fish. Grilled eggplant and cheese are acceptable as they are vegetables and dairy products, respectively. However, the presence of chicken makes this choice incorrect for a lacto-ovo vegetarian.

Choice B rationale

Boiled eggs are permitted in a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet as it includes eggs and dairy. Chocolate milk is also allowed as it is a dairy product. This choice aligns with the definition of a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet, which includes dairy and eggs but excludes meat, poultry, and fish.

Choice C rationale

Oysters are shellfish, and turkey is poultry, both of which are excluded from a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet. Yogurt is a dairy product and is acceptable. The inclusion of oysters and turkey makes this choice incorrect.

Choice D rationale

Fish is not allowed in a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet. Milk is a dairy product and is acceptable. Poached eggs are also permitted. The presence of fish makes this choice incorrect.

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A 65-year-old patient remarks that she just can't believe that her breasts "sag so much.”. She states it must be from a lack of exercise.What explanation would the nurse offer her?

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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Correct Answer is B

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A 65-year-old patient remarks that she just can't believe that her breasts "sag so much.”. She states it must be from a lack of exercise.
What explanation would the nurse offer her?