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A 65-year-old patient remarks that she just can't believe that her breasts "sag so much.”. She states it must be from a lack of exercise.
What explanation would the nurse offer her?

After menopause, the glandular and fat tissue atrophies, causing breast size and elasticity to diminish, resulting in breasts that sag.

After menopause, a diet that is high in protein will help maintain muscle mass, which keeps the breasts from sagging.

After menopause, sagging is usually due to decreased muscle mass within the breast.

After menopause, only women with large breasts experience sagging.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

Choice A rationale

After menopause, the ovaries significantly reduce estrogen and progesterone production. These hormones play a crucial role in maintaining the size and elasticity of breast tissue, including the glandular and fat components. With decreased hormonal support, these tissues atrophy, leading to a reduction in breast volume and a loss of skin elasticity, consequently causing the breasts to sag.

Choice B rationale

While adequate protein intake is essential for overall muscle health, including the pectoral muscles that lie beneath the breasts, it does not directly prevent the atrophy of glandular and fat tissue within the breasts that occurs due to hormonal changes after menopause. Therefore, a high-protein diet alone will not counteract breast sagging caused by these physiological changes.

Choice C rationale

The breasts themselves do not contain significant amounts of muscle tissue. The support for the breasts comes primarily from Cooper's ligaments, which are connective tissues, and the skin's elasticity. Sagging is mainly attributed to the weakening of these supportive structures and the atrophy of glandular and fat tissue after menopause, not a decrease in muscle mass within the breast.

Choice D rationale

Breast sagging after menopause is a common physiological change experienced by many women, regardless of their breast size. While larger breasts may appear to sag more noticeably due to their weight, the underlying cause is hormonal changes affecting tissue elasticity and volume, which occurs in women with all breast sizes.

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Correct Answer is ["1610"]

Explanation

Step 1: Convert ounces to milliliters for oral intake. 8 ounces of coffee × 30 mL/ounce = 240 mL. 3 ounces of juice × 30 mL/ounce = 90 mL. 12 ounces of soda × 30 mL/ounce = 360 mL.

Step 2: Calculate the amount of water consumed from the pitcher. Initial amount - Remaining amount = Consumed amount. 800 mL - 200 mL = 600 mL.

Step 3: Calculate the total oral fluid intake. Coffee + Juice + Soda + Water = Total oral intake. 240 mL + 90 mL + 360 mL + 600 mL = 1290 mL.

Step 4: Calculate the total IV fluid intake over 8 hours. IV rate × Time = Total IV fluid. 40 mL/hour × 8 hours = 320 mL.

Step 5: Calculate the total fluid intake (oral + IV). Total oral intake + Total IV fluid = Total intake. 1290 mL + 320 mL = 1610 mL.

The nurse should document 1610 mL as the client's total intake for the shift.

A. Instruct the client to tilt their head back while swallowing. B. Elevate the client's head of the bed to 45° during meals. C. Alternate the client's liquids and solids during meals. D. Encourage the client to lie flat after meals.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A rationale

Instructing a client with dysphagia to tilt their head back while swallowing can actually increase the risk of aspiration. This position opens the airway and makes it easier for food or liquid to enter the trachea instead of the esophagus, potentially leading to pneumonia or other respiratory complications.

Choice B rationale

Elevating the client's head of the bed to 45° during meals is a crucial intervention for clients with dysphagia. This semi-Fowler's position helps to utilize gravity to facilitate the passage of food and liquids down the esophagus and reduces the risk of aspiration into the airway. Maintaining this upright posture during and shortly after meals is essential for safe swallowing.

Choice C rationale

Alternating liquids and solids during meals can help manage dysphagia by reducing the bolus size and consistency that the client needs to manage at any given time. This strategy can prevent overwhelming the client's swallowing ability and decrease the risk of aspiration by allowing for better control over different food textures.

Choice D rationale

Encouraging the client to lie flat after meals is contraindicated for clients with dysphagia. Lying flat increases the risk of regurgitation and aspiration of food or liquids into the airway. Clients with swallowing difficulties should remain in an upright or semi-upright position for at least 30-60 minutes after eating to allow for proper digestion and reduce the risk of aspiration.

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A 65-year-old patient remarks that she just can't believe that her breasts "sag so much.”. She states it must be from a lack of exercise.What explanation would the nurse offer her?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Correct Answer is ["1610"]

Explanation

A nurse is caring for a client who has dysphagia.Which of the following actions should the nurse take?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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A 65-year-old patient remarks that she just can't believe that her breasts "sag so much.”. She states it must be from a lack of exercise.
What explanation would the nurse offer her?