A client is admitted with hypovolemia due to severe bleeding. Which Intravenous fluid does the nurse anticipate using to replace fluid losses?

5% dextrose in 0.25% sodium chloride (D51/4NS)

3% sodium chloride (3% NaCl)

5% dextrose in water (DSW)

0.9% sodium chloride (0.9% NaCl)

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

D. 0.9% sodium chloride (0.9% NaCl): This solution, also known as normal saline, is isotonic and contains the same concentration of sodium as extracellular fluid. It is the most appropriate choice for initial fluid resuscitation in hypovolemia due to severe bleeding because it rapidly expands intravascular volume, replaces sodium losses, and helps restore circulating blood volume.
A. This solution contains dextrose (glucose) and a small amount of sodium chloride. It provides some glucose for energy but has a lower sodium concentration compared to isotonic solutions like normal saline. While it may be used in certain situations, such as to provide maintenance fluids or correct mild dehydration, it is not the first choice for fluid resuscitation in hypovolemia due to severe bleeding because it does not adequately replace lost volume.
B. 3% sodium chloride (3% NaCl): This solution is hypertonic and has a high sodium concentration. It is not typically used for initial fluid resuscitation in hypovolemia due to severe bleeding. Hypertonic saline solutions like 3% NaCl are more commonly used in specific situations such as severe hyponatremia or cerebral edema.
C. 5% dextrose in water (D5W): This solution contains only dextrose and water and is isotonic until the dextrose is metabolized, after which it becomes hypotonic. D5W is not suitable for fluid resuscitation in hypovolemia due to severe bleeding because it does not provide adequate sodium or volume replacement.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

D. As individuals age, there is a natural decline in the amount of deep sleep (slow-wave sleep or Stage N3 sleep) they experience. Older adults tend to spend less time in deep sleep and may experience more fragmented sleep patterns, with more frequent awakenings during the night. This reduction in deep sleep is a normal part of the aging process and is associated with changes in sleep architecture and physiology.
A. Research indicates that a significant portion of the population does not get enough sleep, with many adults experiencing sleep deprivation due to various factors such as lifestyle, work schedules, and sleep disorders.
B. Teenagers often have a natural tendency to stay up later and have difficulty waking up early due to changes in their circadian rhythm during adolescence. This shift in sleep patterns, known as delayed sleep phase syndrome, can result in later bedtimes and waking times for teenagers.

C. Sleep needs typically change over the course of a person's lifetime. Infants and young children require more sleep than adults, with sleep duration gradually decreasing as individuals age.
Additionally, factors such as lifestyle, health status, and environmental influences can affect sleep needs at different stages of life.

A. Administer an intravenous sedative B. Assess the client for seizure activity C. Assist the client in slowed breathing techniques D. Check the client's blood pressure

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

C. Assisting the client in slowed breathing techniques is the most appropriate initial intervention for a client experiencing hyperventilation due to acute psychological stress. Slowed breathing techniques, such as pursed-lip breathing or diaphragmatic breathing, can help normalize respiratory rate and depth, thereby correcting the respiratory alkalosis. Encouraging the client to breathe slowly and deeply can help reduce the respiratory rate and restore a more balanced acid-base status.
A. Administering a sedative may not be the initial intervention for a client experiencing hyperventilation due to acute psychological stress. Sedatives can depress the respiratory drive further and may exacerbate respiratory alkalosis. Additionally, administering sedatives should be based on a comprehensive assessment and medical prescription, rather than as a first-line intervention for hyperventilation.
B. While hyperventilation can sometimes lead to symptoms resembling seizure activity (such as muscle twitching or numbness), assessing for seizure activity is not typically the initial intervention for respiratory alkalosis. In the context of acute psychological stress causing hyperventilation, addressing the hyperventilation itself is the priority.
D. While monitoring vital signs, including blood pressure, is important in assessing the client's overall condition, it is not the initial intervention specifically for addressing respiratory alkalosis due to hyperventilation. The priority in this situation is to address the hyperventilation itself through appropriate breathing techniques.

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A client is admitted with hypovolemia due to severe bleeding. Which Intravenous fluid does the nurse anticipate using to replace fluid losses?

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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