A nurse is about to administer a bolus enteral feeding to a client who is on bedrest. How does the nurse position the client during the feeding?

A. Isotonic solutions have a similar osmolarity to that of blood plasma, meaning they exert the same osmotic pressure as blood. This equilibrium prevents the movement of water across cell membranes, thereby maintaining cell volume and preventing cellular dehydration or swelling. Examples of isotonic solutions commonly used for intravenous fluid replacement include 0.9% saline (normal saline) and lactated Ringer's solution.
B. Hypotonic solutions have a lower osmolarity than blood plasma, meaning they exert less osmotic pressure than blood. When administered, hypotonic solutions cause water to move into cells, leading to cellular swelling. While hypotonic solutions can help hydrate cells and replenish intracellular fluid, they are not typically used for rapid volume replacement because they can exacerbate extracellular fluid deficits and cause complications such as cerebral edema or cardiovascular collapse.
C. Hypertonic solutions have a higher osmolarity than blood plasma, meaning they exert greater osmotic pressure than blood. When administered, hypertonic solutions cause water to move out of cells, leading to cellular shrinkage. Hypertonic solutions are often used to expand intravascular volume in cases of severe hypovolemia or shock, as they rapidly increase blood osmolarity and draw fluid from the interstitial space into the bloodstream. Examples of hypertonic solutions include 3% saline and 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline.
D. Hyperosmotic solutions have an elevated osmolarity compared to blood plasma, indicating a higher concentration of solutes. These solutions exert osmotic pressure that draws water out of cells, leading to cellular dehydration. While hyperosmotic solutions are not commonly used for rapid volume replacement due to their pot

A. A healthy stoma should appear moist and shiny, indicating adequate blood supply and hydration of the tissue. Dryness or dullness of the stoma may indicate poor blood flow or dehydration and should be further evaluated.
B. A healthy stoma typically appears deep pink to red in color, indicating good tissue perfusion. Pallor or cyanosis of the stoma may indicate inadequate blood supply and should be assessed promptly.
C. The skin around the stoma, known as the peristomal skin, should be intact, without signs of irritation, redness, or tenderness. Irritation or breakdown of the peristomal skin can occur due to leakage of stool or irritation from ostomy appliances and should be addressed promptly to prevent skin complications.
D. A flat abdomen suggests normal abdominal contour without distention or bulging. Distention or bulging of the abdomen may indicate underlying issues such as bowel obstruction, gas accumulation, or fluid retention and should be assessed further.

E. Bowel sounds are indicative of gastrointestinal motility and function. Normal bowel sounds are present and audible in healthy individuals and are characterized by 8 to 10 clicks or gurgles per minute. Absence or abnormal bowel sounds may indicate bowel obstruction, ileus, or other gastrointestinal disorders and should be assessed further.