A client is to receive 2 mg of haloperidol IM. The vial contains 5 mg per mL. What volume should the nurse administer?

A. Monitoring urine output every two hours is not specifically required following the insertion of a permanent pacemaker. While urine output should be monitored as part of routine care, it is not directly related to the procedure.
B. Immobilizing the affected arm using a sling is a key intervention to prevent movement of the arm and ensure that the pacemaker leads are not displaced. This is important in the immediate postoperative period to reduce the risk of complications.
C. Teaching the client how to change the pacemaker dressing is typically not done immediately following insertion. The dressing is usually managed by the healthcare team in the early postoperative period until the site is sufficiently healed.
D. Arranging for ancillary personnel to feed the client is not a routine intervention following pacemaker insertion unless the client has specific limitations related to the procedure or recovery. The priority is to focus on the post-procedure care for the pacemaker.

A. A widening pulse pressure (the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure) can be a sign of increasing intracranial pressure (ICP), but it typically occurs later in the progression of ICP. Early signs of increased ICP are often more subtle and include changes in behavior and consciousness.

B. One of the earliest signs of increased ICP is altered mental status or behavioral changes, such as increasing restlessness or agitation. As pressure builds inside the skull, it affects the brain's ability to function normally, leading to these early signs. Restlessness may indicate that the brain is becoming less able to maintain normal function due to the increasing pressure.

C. A decrease in pulse rate may occur later in the course of increased ICP, particularly with severe increases in pressure. However, early signs typically involve changes in consciousness and mental status rather than changes in vital signs like heart rate.

D. Dilated and fixed pupils are a late sign of increased ICP and usually indicate significant brain herniation or severe neurological compromise. While they are serious and require immediate attention, they do not typically occur at the early stages of increased ICP.