A client presents to the emergency department and is diagnosed with nephrolithiasis.
Which clinical manifestation indicates infection may also be present?

Choice A rationale

While insomnia can be a symptom of many conditions, it is not typically a clinical manifestation of chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Choice B rationale

Electrolyte imbalance is a common clinical manifestation of CKD. This is because the kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining electrolyte balance in the body, and this function can be impaired in CKD910111213.

Choice C rationale

Weight loss can occur in CKD, but it is not one of the most common clinical manifestations3.

Choice D rationale

A normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is not a clinical manifestation of CKD. In fact, a decreased GFR is one of the key indicators of CKD.

Choice A rationale

Reflex incontinence is typically caused by neurological damage. It occurs when the nerves that control the bladder are damaged, leading to involuntary loss of urine.

Choice B rationale

Overflow incontinence is typically caused by blockage or obstruction of the bladder, or by poor bladder contraction. It is not typically caused by neurological damage.

Choice C rationale

Functional incontinence is typically caused by physical or mental impairments that prevent a person from reaching the toilet in time. It is not typically caused by neurological damage.

Choice D rationale

Stress incontinence is typically caused by physical changes such as childbirth or surgery, or by hormonal changes such as menopause. It is not typically caused by neurological damage.