Which of the following are typical signs of Graves’ disease?

Choice A rationale

Pyloric stenosis is a condition that affects infants, typically between two and six weeks of age. The most common symptoms include projectile vomiting and persistent hunger, as the thickening of the pylorus prevents food from passing to the small intestines. Abdominal pain may also be present. Therefore, projectile vomiting and abdominal pains are clinical manifestations of pyloric stenosis in the infant.

Choice B rationale

While irritability can be a symptom of pyloric stenosis due to the infant’s discomfort, weight gain is not typically associated with this condition. In fact, weight loss or poor weight gains are more common due to the vomiting and reduced food intake.

Choice C rationale

Pyloric stenosis does not typically cause frequent stools or bleaching. In fact, fewer bowel movements may be observed because little food is passing to the small intestines.

Choice D rationale

Edema and diarrhea are not typical symptoms of pyloric stenosis. The primary symptoms are related to the obstruction of the stomach outlet, which includes projectile vomiting and persistent hunger.

Choice A rationale

Calcitonin is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland. Its primary function is to regulate calcium levels in the body, not blood glucose.

Choice B rationale

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas. It allows cells in the body to take in glucose and use it for energy. However, insulin actually lowers blood glucose levels rather than increasing them.

Choice C rationale

Glucagon is a hormone also produced by the pancreas. It works to raise blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose, which is then released into the bloodstream.

Choice D rationale

Parathyroid hormone is produced by the parathyroid glands. Its main role is to control calcium levels in the body, not to regulate blood glucose.