A client presents with a pH of 7.25, PC02 of 40 mmHg, HCO3- of 16 mEq/L. Which of the following best describes the client's acid-base imbalance?
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis, uncompensated
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis, partially compensated
The Correct Answer is B
A. Metabolic alkalosis: This condition is characterized by an elevated pH above 7.45 and an increased bicarbonate level. In this case, the pH is low and the HCO₃⁻ is also decreased, ruling out metabolic alkalosis.
B. Metabolic acidosis, uncompensated: A pH of 7.25 indicates acidemia, and a bicarbonate level of 16 mEq/L confirms a metabolic origin. The PaCO₂ is normal at 40 mmHg, indicating that respiratory compensation has not yet occurred, making this an uncompensated metabolic acidosis.
C. Respiratory acidosis: Respiratory acidosis involves a low pH and elevated PaCO₂ due to hypoventilation. This client’s PaCO₂ is within normal range, so respiratory causes can be ruled out.
D. Respiratory alkalosis, partially compensated: This condition presents with a high pH and low PaCO₂, typically due to hyperventilation. The client has an acidic pH and a normal PaCO₂, which does not support respiratory alkalosis.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Take this medication with a full glass of water or fruit juice: Levothyroxine should be taken with a full glass of water, but it should not be taken with fruit juice as it can interfere with the absorption of the medication, reducing its effectiveness. Water is the best option for taking levothyroxine.
B. Take this medication before a meal or several hours after a meal: Levothyroxine should be taken on an empty stomach, typically 30 minutes to 1 hour before breakfast or at least several hours after a meal. Food, especially dairy or high-fiber foods, can interfere with the absorption of the medication.
C. Take this medication during your morning meal: Levothyroxine should not be taken with food, as food can decrease the absorption of the medication, reducing its effectiveness. It is recommended to take the medication on an empty stomach to ensure proper absorption.
D. Take this medication with high-protein foods: High-protein foods may also interfere with the absorption of levothyroxine. It is best to avoid taking levothyroxine with meals or foods that may impact its effectiveness, including high-protein foods.
Correct Answer is ["A","B","C"]
Explanation
A. Inflammation: In ARDS, widespread inflammation is triggered in response to lung injury, leading to cytokine release and recruitment of immune cells. This causes damage to the alveolar epithelium and disrupts normal gas exchange.
B. Apoptosis: Programmed cell death (apoptosis) occurs in both alveolar epithelial and endothelial cells as part of the tissue response to injury in ARDS. This contributes to impaired surfactant production and gas exchange.
C. Necrosis: Severe epithelial injury in ARDS can lead to necrosis, a form of uncontrolled cell death, further compromising alveolar integrity and promoting fluid leakage into alveoli.
D. Decreased alveolar-capillary permeability: In ARDS, the opposite occurs—increased alveolar-capillary permeability—allowing protein-rich fluid to leak into the alveoli, which leads to non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
E. Hypercapnia: While hypercapnia may result from impaired gas exchange in ARDS, it is a consequence of the condition, not a direct cellular characteristic of pulmonary epithelial damage.
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