A client reports new onset bilateral hearing loss after taking a medication with known ototoxic effects. Which type of hearing loss should the nurse suspect?

Mixed sensorineural-conductive.

Presbycusis.

Conductive.

Sensorineural.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

Choice A reason: Mixed sensorineural-conductive hearing loss involves both inner ear and middle ear pathology. Ototoxic medications primarily damage cochlear hair cells, causing sensorineural loss. Mixed loss requires dual mechanisms (e.g., infection and ototoxicity), which are less likely than pure sensorineural loss from medication in this acute scenario.

Choice B reason: Presbycusis is age-related sensorineural hearing loss, not medication-induced. Ototoxic drugs cause acute, bilateral sensorineural loss by damaging cochlear hair cells, unrelated to aging. The client’s new onset loss linked to medication points to ototoxicity, not presbycusis, making this an incorrect type for this scenario.

Choice C reason: Conductive hearing loss results from middle ear or external ear issues, like wax or ossicle damage. Ototoxic medications target inner ear hair cells, causing sensorineural loss. Conductive loss is unrelated to ototoxicity, as drugs do not affect sound conduction, making this incorrect for medication-induced hearing loss.

Choice D reason: Sensorineural hearing loss is caused by ototoxic medications, which damage cochlear hair cells or auditory nerves, impairing sound processing. Bilateral, new-onset loss aligns with ototoxicity’s pathophysiology, as seen with drugs like aminoglycosides. This is the expected type, supported by audiology evidence linking ototoxins to inner ear damage.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A reason: Decreased acetylcholine is not the primary cause of Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s results from dopamine loss in the substantia nigra, disrupting motor control. Acetylcholine imbalance may occur in other conditions like Alzheimer’s, but it is not the pathophysiological basis for Parkinson’s motor symptoms.

Choice B reason: Increased serotonin is not linked to Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s is caused by dopamine depletion in the basal ganglia, leading to motor dysfunction. Serotonin imbalances may affect mood, but they are not the core mechanism, making this incorrect for the disease’s pathophysiological basis.

Choice C reason: Disruption in the myelin sheath occurs in multiple sclerosis, not Parkinson’s. Parkinson’s involves neuronal loss in the substantia nigra, reducing dopamine. Myelin is unrelated to Parkinson’s motor symptoms, making this incorrect, as dopamine deficiency is the established pathophysiological mechanism driving the disease.

Choice D reason: Parkinson’s disease is caused by a diminished amount of dopamine due to degeneration of substantia nigra neurons. Dopamine deficiency disrupts basal ganglia function, causing tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. This is the core pathophysiological basis, supported by neurological evidence linking dopamine loss to Parkinson’s symptoms.

A. Polyuria. B. Uric acid increases. C. Cystitis. D. Renal colic.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A reason: Polyuria, excessive urination, is not caused by renal calculi movement. Stones obstruct the ureter, reducing urine flow and causing pain, not increased output. Polyuria is associated with conditions like diabetes, making this incorrect for the pathophysiological change linked to calculi movement in the urinary tract.

Choice B reason: Uric acid increases may contribute to stone formation but are not a change caused by calculi movement. Movement triggers pain and obstruction, not serum uric acid changes. Renal colic is the direct result of stones moving, making this choice incorrect for the pathophysiological effect.

Choice C reason: Cystitis, bladder inflammation, may occur secondary to stones but is not the primary change from calculi movement. Stones moving through the ureter cause renal colic due to obstruction and spasm. Cystitis is a complication, not the direct pathophysiological change, making this incorrect.

Choice D reason: Renal colic, severe pain from ureteral obstruction and smooth muscle spasm, occurs as renal calculi move through the urinary tract. Stones irritate and block the ureter, triggering intense, colicky pain. This is the primary pathophysiological change, aligning with urological evidence for stone movement effects.

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A client reports new onset bilateral hearing loss after taking a medication with known ototoxic effects. Which type of hearing loss should the nurse suspect?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Which is the pathophysiological basis for Parkinson’s disease?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

The nurse is caring for a client who has been diagnosed with renal calculi. Which pathophysiologic change occurs as renal calculi move through the urinary tract?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

When developing a teaching plan for a client with peripheral artery disease (PAD), the nurse should explain that intermittent claudication occurs as the result of which underlying pathophysiology?

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