A client who believes they are pregnant is informing the nurse of their pregnancy signs and symptoms. Which of the following findings would the nurse determine are presumptive signs of pregnancy? Select all that apply

Breast tenderness

Amenorrhea

Frequent urination

Positive pregnancy test

Chadwick sign

Quickening

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,B,C,F

A. Breast tenderness: Breast tenderness is a common early sign of pregnancy due to hormonal changes, particularly increased estrogen and progesterone. It is a presumptive sign because it is not unique to pregnancy and can occur with other conditions as well.

B. Amenorrhea: Amenorrhea, or the absence of menstruation, is one of the most common early signs of pregnancy. It is considered presumptive because it can also be caused by other factors such as stress, illness, or hormonal imbalances.

C. Frequent urination: Frequent urination occurs due to hormonal changes and increased blood volume, which leads to more fluid being processed by the kidneys. It is considered a presumptive sign of pregnancy, though it can also occur with other conditions like urinary tract infections.

D. Positive pregnancy test: A positive pregnancy test detects the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which is a probable sign of pregnancy. It is more definitive than a presumptive sign, but it can sometimes result in false positives due to certain medications or other conditions.

E. Chadwick sign: Chadwick's sign, characterized by the bluish tint of the cervix, vagina, and vulva due to increased blood flow, is a probable sign of pregnancy. It is typically observed by a healthcare provider during a physical examination and suggests pregnancy but is not definitive.

F. Quickening: Quickening is the feeling of fetal movement, which typically occurs between 18 and 20 weeks of pregnancy for first-time mothers. It is a presumptive sign because other conditions, such as gas or muscle spasms, can cause similar sensations.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. The vaginal discharge may be bothersome but is a normal occurrence: White vaginal discharge without odor or itching is common during early pregnancy due to hormonal changes. It is typically harmless unless accompanied by additional symptoms like itching or foul odor.

B. Use tampons if the discharge is bothersome but be sure to change the tampons every two hours: Tampons are not recommended during pregnancy as they can increase the risk of infections. The focus should be on alternative measures like using panty liners for comfort.

C. Report to the emergency department immediately: The discharge described is not abnormal or concerning. Emergency care is unnecessary unless the client experiences additional alarming symptoms such as bleeding, severe pain, or a strong odor.

D. Come to the clinic immediately: The discharge seems normal, so immediate clinic visits are not necessary unless there are other concerning symptoms. A phone call and reassurance would be more appropriate.

A. He cannot be fooled by changing shapes B. Most procedures can be reversed C. His parents are not perfect D. He is separate from his parents

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. He cannot be fooled by changing shapes: This concept relates to Piaget’s idea of conservation, which develops later in childhood, typically around age 7 or older. During the first year, infants are not yet able to understand that changing shapes do not alter the properties of objects.

B. Most procedures can be reversed: The ability to understand reversibility of actions is part of Piaget's concrete operational stage, which occurs later in childhood, around age 7 to 11. In the first year, infants are still developing foundational cognitive skills like object permanence.

C. His parents are not perfect: While infants do begin to develop attachments to their caregivers, the understanding that parents are not perfect is a more complex idea that develops later in childhood, typically during the preoperational stage (around age 2 to 7).

D. He is separate from his parents: According to Piaget, during the sensorimotor stage (which includes the first year of life), infants begin to develop a sense of self and recognize that they are separate from their parents. This concept is foundational to the development of object permanence and personal identity.

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A client who believes they are pregnant is informing the nurse of their pregnancy signs and symptoms. Which of the following findings would the nurse determine are presumptive signs of pregnancy? Select all that apply

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A pregnant client in the first trimester calls the nurse at a health care clinic and reports that they noticed white vaginal discharge, without odor or itching. The nurse should make which statement to the client?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

According to Piaget, one basic concept that a child will learn during the first year is that:

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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