The nurse is preparing diphenhydramine for nausea in a pediatric patient. The physician ordered 6.25 mg/kg intravenous push every six hours. The patient weighs 38 pounds, and the concentration of the medication is 50 mg/mL. How many mL will the nurse administer to the patient? Round to the nearest tenths place. Record numerical answer only.  

A. He cannot be fooled by changing shapes: This concept relates to Piaget’s idea of conservation, which develops later in childhood, typically around age 7 or older. During the first year, infants are not yet able to understand that changing shapes do not alter the properties of objects.

B. Most procedures can be reversed: The ability to understand reversibility of actions is part of Piaget's concrete operational stage, which occurs later in childhood, around age 7 to 11. In the first year, infants are still developing foundational cognitive skills like object permanence.

C. His parents are not perfect: While infants do begin to develop attachments to their caregivers, the understanding that parents are not perfect is a more complex idea that develops later in childhood, typically during the preoperational stage (around age 2 to 7).

D. He is separate from his parents: According to Piaget, during the sensorimotor stage (which includes the first year of life), infants begin to develop a sense of self and recognize that they are separate from their parents. This concept is foundational to the development of object permanence and personal identity.

A. Inserting a urinary catheter: Inserting a urinary catheter is an invasive procedure and should be avoided unless absolutely necessary. It carries the risk of infection and discomfort for the infant. Non-invasive methods are preferred for monitoring urine output in most cases.

B. Measuring the amount of water added to formula: Measuring the water added to the formula is helpful for tracking fluid intake, but it does not assess urine output. Accurate urine output assessment requires monitoring what is excreted, not just ingested.

C. Comparing intake and output: While comparing intake and output is important, it may not give an accurate representation of urine output in infants due to the complexities of fluid shifts and retention, particularly when the infant is receiving diuretic therapy. A more precise method is needed to directly measure urine output.

D. Weighing diapers: Weighing diapers is the most accurate and practical method to assess urine output in infants. The weight of a wet diaper can be measured before and after use to calculate the amount of urine excreted. This method is non-invasive and provides a reliable measurement of urine output.