A client with end stage emphysema is experiencing poor gas exchange. Which respiratory structure is associated with the pathophysiological processes in emphysema?

Bronchioles.

Trachea.

Bronchi.

Alveoli.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A) Bronchioles:

Bronchioles are small airways in the lungs that lack cartilage and are primarily responsible for conducting air to the alveoli. While changes in bronchioles, such as bronchoconstriction or bronchiolitis, can contribute to airflow limitation in conditions like asthma or chronic bronchitis, they are not primarily associated with the pathophysiological processes of emphysema.

B) Trachea:

The trachea, or windpipe, is the large airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi. It serves as a conduit for air movement into and out of the lungs but is not directly involved in gas exchange. Changes in the trachea are not typically associated with the pathophysiological processes of emphysema.

C) Bronchi:

Bronchi are larger airways in the lungs that branch off from the trachea and further divide into bronchioles. While chronic bronchitis, a common comorbidity of emphysema in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), primarily affects the bronchi, it is not the primary structure associated with the pathophysiological processes of emphysema.

D) Alveoli:

Correct. Emphysema is a type of COPD characterized by the destruction of alveolar walls, leading to enlarged airspaces and loss of lung elasticity. This structural damage results in decreased surface area for gas exchange and impaired diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the alveolar-capillary membrane. Alveolar destruction in emphysema leads to poor gas exchange and contributes to the characteristic symptoms of dyspnea, hypoxemia, and hypercapnia in affected individuals. Therefore, the alveoli are directly associated with the pathophysiological processes of emphysema

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A) Flank pain and profound hypotension:

Correct. Flank pain, often described as a deep, constant, gnawing, or throbbing sensation in the abdomen or back, can be a sign of impending rupture or dissection of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Profound hypotension may occur if the AAA ruptures, leading to massive internal bleeding and shock. Prompt recognition of these signs is crucial for early intervention and surgical repair to prevent catastrophic consequences.

B) Acute shortness of breath and chest pain:

Acute shortness of breath and chest pain are more indicative of cardiovascular or pulmonary conditions such as myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, or acute coronary syndrome rather than an abdominal aortic aneurysm. While aortic dissection can present with chest pain, it is typically described as severe, tearing, or ripping pain that radiates to the back, not as acute shortness of breath.

C) Absent pedal pulses and darkened toes:

Absent pedal pulses and darkened toes may indicate peripheral vascular disease or critical limb ischemia but are not specific signs of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. While AAA can lead to peripheral ischemia in advanced cases, it is not typically associated with acute changes in pedal pulses or toe discoloration.

D) Tea-colored urine and decreased output:

Tea-colored urine and decreased urine output may indicate acute kidney injury or rhabdomyolysis but are not specific signs of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. While a ruptured AAA can lead to renal ischemia and acute kidney injury due to hypoperfusion, these symptoms are not the primary manifestations of AAA

A. Deficiency of factors VIII or IX. B. Diminished amount of vitamin K. C. Decreased amount of platelets. D. Missing factors V and VII.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A) Deficiency of factors VIII or IX.

Hemophilia is a genetic disorder characterized by deficient or defective clotting factors, specifically factors VIII (hemophilia A) or IX (hemophilia B). These clotting factors are essential for the formation of stable blood clots. Therefore, if hemophilia is present, the deficiency of factors VIII or IX can lead to impaired clot formation and prolonged bleeding.

B) Diminished amount of vitamin K:

Vitamin K deficiency can lead to impaired blood clotting due to inadequate synthesis of clotting factors in the liver. However, hemophilia is specifically associated with deficiencies in factors VIII or IX, not vitamin K.

C) Decreased amount of platelets:

Platelets play a crucial role in primary hemostasis and initial platelet plug formation at the site of vascular injury. While decreased platelet count or dysfunction can lead to bleeding disorders such as thrombocytopenia or platelet function disorders, hemophilia specifically involves deficiencies in clotting factors, not platelets.

D) Missing factors V and VII:

Factor V and VII are other clotting factors involved in the coagulation cascade, but they are not deficient in hemophilia. Hemophilia is specifically characterized by deficiencies in factors VIII (hemophilia A) or IX (hemophilia B).

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A client with end stage emphysema is experiencing poor gas exchange. Which respiratory structure is associated with the pathophysiological processes in emphysema?

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