The school nurse is teaching a group of clients about how tobacco smoke causes lung cancer. Which pathophysiological process supports the risk of cancer from smoking?

Gout is a type of inflammatory arthritis caused by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the joints and surrounding tissues. Here's an explanation of the pathophysiological process producing the symptoms of gout:

A) Deposition of crystals in the synovial space of the joints produces inflammation and irritation:

Correct. In gout, elevated levels of uric acid in the blood lead to the formation and deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the synovial fluid of joints, particularly in the big toe joint (first metatarsophalangeal joint) in many cases. These crystals trigger an inflammatory response, activating immune cells and causing swelling, redness, warmth, and severe pain in the affected joint. The inflammation and irritation result from the body's immune response to the presence of these crystals.

B) Chondrocyte injury destroys joint cartilage, producing osteophytes and joint inflammation:

This option describes a process more characteristic of osteoarthritis, where degeneration of joint cartilage leads to the formation of osteophytes (bone spurs) and joint inflammation. Gout involves the deposition of urate crystals rather than direct chondrocyte injury.

C) An immune complex and autoantibody deposition in connective tissue results in inflammation:

This process describes the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, where immune complexes and autoantibodies contribute to inflammation and tissue damage. In gout, the inflammation is primarily triggered by the deposition of urate crystals rather than immune complex deposition.

D) An autoimmune inflammation involving IgG response to an antigen causes joint destruction:

This option describes the autoimmune process seen in diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, where antibodies target specific antigens, leading to joint destruction. Gout is not an autoimmune disease, and joint destruction in gout is primarily due to inflammation caused by urate crystal deposition rather than autoimmune mechanisms.

A. Provide pressure over the biopsy site:

Positioning the client on the right side after a liver biopsy is aimed at providing pressure over the biopsy site. This pressure helps in promoting hemostasis by compressing the blood vessels at the biopsy site, thus reducing the risk of bleeding or hematoma formation. The liver is located on the right side of the body, so positioning the client on the right side applies pressure directly over the liver, aiding in the prevention of bleeding complications.

B. Keep the client from aspirating:

Positioning the client on the right side after a liver biopsy is not primarily aimed at preventing aspiration. Aspiration precautions are typically implemented during procedures where there is a risk of regurgitation or vomiting, such as during anesthesia induction or recovery, rather than specifically after a liver biopsy.

C. Lessen the amount of post-procedure pain:

While positioning can play a role in managing post-procedure pain, the primary reason for positioning the client on the right side after a liver biopsy is to provide pressure over the biopsy site to promote hemostasis. Pain management strategies such as administering analgesics may be utilized to address any discomfort experienced by the client post-procedure.

D. Facilitate pulmonary expansion:

Positioning the client on the right side after a liver biopsy does not directly facilitate pulmonary expansion. Facilitating pulmonary expansion is typically achieved through interventions such as deep breathing exercises, incentive spirometry, and early ambulation rather than positioning alone.