A college health nurse interprets the peak expiratory flow rate for student who has asthma and finds that the student is in the yellow zone of his asthma action plan. The nurse should base her actions on which of the following information? (Select all that apply.)

A. Cultural differences. While cultural beliefs may influence end-of-life decisions, the primary issue in this scenario is not cultural misunderstanding but rather the conflict between the client’s documented wishes and the family's demands. Cultural differences typically pertain to variations in values, traditions, or beliefs, rather than legal and ethical dilemmas regarding patient autonomy.
B. Ethical conflict. The nurse is experiencing moral distress due to a conflict between ethical principles—specifically, the principle of patient autonomy (respecting the client’s right to make their own healthcare decisions) and beneficence (providing care that benefits the client). The client’s living will, a legally binding document, states Do Not Resuscitate (DNR), yet the children are insisting on full resuscitation. The nurse’s distress arises from witnessing actions that contradict the client’s wishes and ethical nursing responsibilities.
C. Competition between groups. There is no indication that different groups, such as healthcare teams or family members, are competing for resources or control. The conflict stems from an ethical dilemma rather than rivalry or organizational disputes.
D. Scarcity, safety, and security. This situation does not involve limited resources, threats to safety, or security concerns. The distress is rooted in the ethical dilemma of honoring the client’s advance directive versus the family’s insistence on aggressive resuscitation measures.

Pulmonary Function Tests assess chronic respiratory conditions like COPD and asthma. In an acute pneumothorax, these tests are unnecessary as the priority is stabilizing the airway and restoring lung expansion. The client is in respiratory distress, making PFTs impractical and irrelevant at this stage.

Obtain Intravenous Access: IV access is necessary to administer fluids, medications, and potential emergency interventions. Given the client's signs of respiratory distress and hemodynamic instability (tachycardia, hypotension), IV access ensures rapid treatment in case of deterioration.

Thoracentesis: Thoracentesis is used to remove pleural fluid in conditions like pleural effusion but is not appropriate for a pneumothorax. Inserting a needle into the pleural space could worsen the lung collapse and lead to further respiratory compromise. The correct intervention is a chest tube insertion.

Obtain ABGs: ABGs provide critical information on oxygenation, ventilation, and acid-base balance. The client has tachypnea, cyanosis, and low O₂ saturation, indicating possible respiratory acidosis or hypoxemia. ABGs will guide oxygen therapy and further management.

Prepare for Insertion of a Chest Tube: A chest tube is the definitive treatment for a pneumothorax. It removes air from the pleural space, allowing lung re-expansion. Given the client's absent breath sounds, tachypnea, and hypoxia, immediate chest tube insertion is necessary to prevent further deterioration.

Computed Tomography (CT) of the Chest: While a CT scan provides detailed lung imaging, it is not the first-line diagnostic tool for pneumothorax. A chest X-ray is usually sufficient to confirm the diagnosis. In an emergency setting, immediate intervention (such as chest tube placement) takes priority over advanced imaging.