A family member brought a senior to the clinic. The family member explained to the nurse that the patient suddenly from one day to the other, started with confusion, and agitation. The family states the patient used to be orientated and with very calm behavior. The nurse suspects that this patient is experiencing:

Delirium

Sundowning

Alzheimers

Dementia

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A. Delirium: Delirium is characterized by a sudden onset of confusion, agitation, and fluctuating levels of consciousness. It often develops over a short period, such as hours to days, and is typically associated with an underlying medical condition, medication, or infection. The patient's rapid change from being oriented and calm to confused and agitated suggests a sudden onset, which is indicative of delirium.
B. Sundowning: Sundowning refers to a pattern of increased confusion and agitation that occurs in the late afternoon or evening, primarily in individuals with dementia. While it involves fluctuations in mental status, it does not usually present with a sudden onset of symptoms as described in this case.
C. Alzheimer’s: Alzheimer’s disease is a form of chronic dementia characterized by gradual and progressive cognitive decline over months to years. The sudden onset of confusion and agitation does not align with the gradual progression typical of Alzheimer's disease.
D. Dementia: Dementia is a general term for a decline in cognitive ability that affects daily life, usually developing gradually over time. Unlike delirium, dementia does not present with a sudden change in behavior or mental status, making it less likely in this scenario where the change was abrupt.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A) Multiple myeloma: The HPV vaccine is not related to the prevention of multiple myeloma, which is a type of cancer that affects plasma cells in the bone marrow. Prevention strategies for multiple myeloma focus on managing risk factors, but HPV vaccination is not one of these strategies.
B) Cervical cancer: The HPV vaccine is specifically designed to prevent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, which is a major risk factor for cervical cancer. By protecting against HPV, the vaccine helps prevent the development of cervical cancer, making it a form of primary prevention for this type of cancer.
C) Ovarian cancer: HPV vaccination is not related to the prevention of ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer prevention strategies do not include the HPV vaccine, as HPV primarily affects the cervical region and some other genital areas, but not the ovaries.
D) Hodgkin's lymphoma: HPV vaccination is not used to prevent Hodgkin's lymphoma, a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. The prevention of Hodgkin's lymphoma typically involves addressing general cancer risk factors and monitoring for early symptoms, but it does not include the HPV vaccine.

A. Monthly B. Quarterly C. Bimonthly D. Weekly

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A) Monthly: Performing testicular self-examination (TSE) monthly is recommended to help men become familiar with the normal size and feel of their testicles. Regular self-examinations increase the likelihood of detecting any abnormalities early, which is crucial for effective treatment if testicular cancer or other issues are detected.
B) Quarterly: Quarterly self-examination is less frequent than recommended. Monthly self-examination provides a more consistent and routine approach to checking for any changes in the testicles, which is essential for early detection of potential issues.
C) Bimonthly: Bimonthly self-examination would be less frequent than recommended. Monthly self-examination is considered more effective in maintaining awareness of changes in testicular health and detecting any abnormalities early.
D) Weekly: Weekly self-examination is more frequent than necessary. Monthly examination is sufficient to familiarize oneself with the normal state of the testicles and to notice any unusual changes that may require further investigation.

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An office nurse plans to vaccinate a client against HPV. This is an example of which of the following kinds of prevention?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A nurse teaches a male client how to perform testicular self-examination when the client's history reveals that he does not do it. The nurse would instruct the client to perform the self-examination at which frequency?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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