A glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of indicates renal failure.

60-89 mL/min/1.73m2

30-59 mL/min/173m2

15-29 mL/min/173m2

<15 mL/min/173m2

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A. 60–89 mL/min/1.73m²: This range indicates mildly decreased GFR, often classified as Stage 2 chronic kidney disease. Renal function is still relatively preserved and not considered renal failure at this stage.

B. 30–59 mL/min/1.73m²: This reflects a moderate decrease in GFR, typically Stage 3 CKD. Although kidney function is significantly impaired, it is not yet categorized as renal failure.

C. 15–29 mL/min/1.73m²: This GFR indicates severe kidney impairment and is classified as Stage 4 CKD. While this stage shows significant dysfunction, renal failure is generally diagnosed at lower values.

D. <15 mL/min/1.73m²: A GFR below 15 signals end-stage renal disease (ESRD), also referred to as renal failure. At this stage, dialysis or kidney transplantation is usually necessary to sustain life.

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Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","E"]

Explanation

A. Blood glucose levels in DKA are typically higher than in HHS: In fact, HHS usually presents with higher blood glucose levels than DKA—often exceeding 600 mg/dL, while DKA typically ranges from 250 to 600 mg/dL.

B. DKA involves significant ketosis and metabolic acidosis, while HHS typically does not: DKA is characterized by the breakdown of fats into ketones, leading to metabolic acidosis. HHS typically lacks significant ketosis because insulin levels, while low, are still sufficient to suppress ketogenesis.

C. DKA is more common in type 1 diabetes, while HHS is more common in type 2 diabetes: DKA usually occurs in individuals with type 1 diabetes due to absolute insulin deficiency. HHS is more often seen in type 2 diabetics who still produce some insulin but not enough to prevent severe hyperglycemia and dehydration.

D. None of the above: This choice is incorrect, as B, C, and E are valid differences between DKA and HHS.

E. HHS patients often have more severe dehydration than DKA patients: HHS leads to profound osmotic diuresis over a longer period, causing extreme dehydration. DKA progresses faster but with less total fluid loss compared to HHS.

A. A 69 year old female with anemia secondary to insufficient erythropoietin production B. A 70 year old male with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) C. A 58 year old male with renal calculi D. A 29 year old female, pregnant for the first time

Correct Answer is ["B","C","D","E"]

Explanation

A. A 69-year-old female with anemia secondary to insufficient erythropoietin production: While anemia can occur due to chronic kidney disease, it does not directly cause urinary tract obstruction. The lack of erythropoietin affects red blood cell production, not urine flow.

B. A 70-year-old male with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): BPH is a common cause of urinary obstruction in older men. The enlarged prostate compresses the urethra, leading to impaired urine outflow and increased risk of urinary retention.

C. A 58-year-old male with renal calculi: Kidney stones are a frequent cause of urinary tract obstruction. They can block the flow of urine in the ureters, renal pelvis, or bladder, leading to pain, hydronephrosis, and infection risk.

D. A 29-year-old female, pregnant for the first time: Pregnancy can cause urinary obstruction due to the enlarged uterus compressing the ureters, especially in the second and third trimesters, resulting in reduced urine flow and potential hydronephrosis.

E. A 28-year-old male with a neurogenic bladder secondary to spinal cord injury: Neurogenic bladder disrupts normal bladder function and control, which can lead to urinary retention and obstruction due to poor coordination of bladder muscle and sphincter activity.

F. A 43-year-old male with an acid-base imbalance secondary to malnutrition: While malnutrition can affect many organ systems, acid-base imbalance by itself is not a direct cause of urinary tract obstruction.

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A glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of indicates renal failure.

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Which of the following are key differences between diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)? (Select all that apply).

Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","E"]

Explanation

The nurse has noted the high incidence of urinary tract obstructions of a variety of etiologies. Which individuals are at risk of developing urinary obstructions? (Select all that apply).

Correct Answer is ["B","C","D","E"]

Explanation

Which of the following would NOT be a cause of prerenal failure?

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