All of the following are correct for causes of intrarenal acute kidney injury except:
Acute renal disease-acute glomerulonephritits
Exposure to nephrotoxic drugs, heavy metals, and organic solvents
Prolonged renal ischemia
Liver failure
The Correct Answer is D
A. Acute renal disease–acute glomerulonephritis: This leads to inflammation and damage of the glomerular basement membrane, impairing filtration and causing intrarenal injury. It often presents with hematuria, proteinuria, and hypertension.
B. Exposure to nephrotoxic drugs, heavy metals, and organic solvents: These substances damage renal tubules through direct toxicity or by causing crystal formation, leading to acute tubular necrosis. Common agents include aminoglycosides and contrast dyes.
C. Prolonged renal ischemia: Sustained low perfusion causes tubular cell death and sloughing, leading to obstruction and decreased GFR. It is often a progression from untreated prerenal AKI.
D. Liver failure: Liver dysfunction reduces renal perfusion and may cause hepatorenal syndrome, but this is classified as prerenal, not intrarenal, in origin. The kidneys are structurally intact but functionally impaired.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Exercise soon after eating to increase gastric emptying: Physical activity immediately after meals may actually worsen reflux symptoms by increasing intra-abdominal pressure and promoting acid reflux.
B. Try these proton-pump inhibitors for 2 weeks: Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a first-line treatment for GERD. They reduce gastric acid production, promoting symptom relief and esophageal healing.
C. You need to schedule an upper GI endoscopy soon: Endoscopy is not immediately necessary unless there are alarm symptoms like dysphagia, weight loss, or bleeding. Initial management focuses on medication and lifestyle changes.
D. Over-the-counter antiemetics work well for this condition: Antiemetics are not effective in treating the underlying cause of GERD, which is acid reflux, not nausea or vomiting. They would not effectively treat the heartburn or esophageal inflammation associated with GERD.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Azotemia: Azotemia, or elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels, is a common feature of glomerulonephritis due to reduced kidney filtration capacity and accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood.
B. Hematuria with red cell casts: Hematuria with red blood cell casts is a classic hallmark of glomerulonephritis, indicating glomerular bleeding and inflammation. These casts are formed in the nephron and reflect active glomerular injury.
C. Oliguria and hypertension: Both are characteristic findings in glomerulonephritis. Oliguria results from impaired filtration, while hypertension develops due to fluid retention and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
D. An increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of >100: Glomerulonephritis typically leads to a decreased GFR, not an increase. Inflammation and damage to the glomeruli impair the kidneys' ability to filter blood effectively, resulting in reduced GFR and waste accumulation.
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